12 Years a Slave narrates Solomon Northup's kidnapping from freedom into slavery and his eventual restoration to his family. Northup is a literate, skilled violinist and laborer living as a free Black man in Saratoga Springs, New York.
Medicine & Mind
Medical lenses across the classics.
Filter works and passage pointers by psychiatry, surgery, drugs, contagion, ethics, and other medical-history tags.
Works
A Burnt-Out Case follows Querry, a celebrated European architect of churches who has lost all feeling: for his work, for women, for God and for himself. Travelling as far as the river boats will take him, he arrives at a leproserie deep in the Belgian Congo run by a community of missionary fathers and by Dr Colin, an atheist physician devoted to his patients.
A Christmas Carol. In Prose.
The title play, A Doll's House (1879), takes place over three days of Christmas in the comfortable Norwegian home of Torvald Helmer, a newly appointed bank manager, and his wife Nora, whom he treats as a charming pet, calling her his songbird and squirrel. Years earlier, when Torvald was gravely ill and doctors advised a year in Italy, Nora secretly borrowed the money from the lawyer Krogstad, forging her dying father's signature as guarantor.
A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories gathers Flannery O'Connor's early fiction around Southern households where manners, piety, resentment, and violence collide. In the title story, a grandmother's nostalgia and manipulations help divert a family trip toward the Misfit, whose murders expose both her shallow goodness and her final reach toward kinship.
A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity is a short paper with a long afterlife. McCulloch and Pitts propose an idealized model of neurons that fire or do not fire according to logical relations among their inputs.
This entry joins Claude Shannon's 1938 master's thesis on relay and switching circuits with his 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication. The thesis made a decisive engineering move: it showed that Boolean algebra could describe and simplify relay circuits.
A Midsummer Night's Dream begins in Athens with a legal crisis: Egeus demands that Hermia marry Demetrius, while Hermia loves Lysander and faces punishment under Theseus's law. The lovers flee into the wood, followed by Demetrius and Helena, and the play transfers civic conflict into a night world governed by Oberon, Titania, Puck, and the flower whose juice alters desire.
A Modest Proposal is Swift's savage 1729 pamphlet on Irish poverty under British rule, written in the voice of a projector who treats hunger, tenancy, children, and mothers as items in a national account. The speaker begins with beggars and starving children in Dublin streets, then adopts the language of calculation: numbers of infants, costs of nursing, market value, culinary uses, and benefits to landlords.
A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia is one of the most important public-health and Black-authored documents of the early United States. Written by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones after the devastating yellow fever epidemic of 1793, it answers Mathew Carey's published accusations that Black Philadelphians profited from disaster or behaved badly during the crisis.
Hume subtitled his first book 'an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects', and he meant it literally: as Newton had explained the heavens by a few observed principles, Hume would explain belief, emotion and morality by a few principles of the mind. Book I, Of the Understanding, begins by dividing all perceptions into vivid impressions and fainter ideas, and holds that every simple idea is copied from a prior impression.
Pinel presents insanity as a medical and moral problem rather than a condition to be met chiefly with chains, spectacle, or punishment. The treatise moves between nosology, institutional observation, and therapeutic counsel.
A View from the Bridge is set among the Italian-American longshoremen of Red Hook, Brooklyn, in the shadow of the Brooklyn Bridge, and is framed by the commentary of Alfieri, a neighbourhood lawyer who acts as a chorus and who knows from the start that the story will end in blood. Eddie Carbone, a hard-working dock labourer, lives with his wife Beatrice and her orphaned niece Catherine, whom they have raised.
Alone in Berlin (Jeder stirbt für sich allein, 'Everyone dies for himself alone') opens in Berlin in 1940, as the postwoman Eva Kluge delivers to Otto and Anna Quangel the news that their only son has been killed in the invasion of France. The Quangels live in a tenement at 55 Jablonski Strasse with neighbours who represent the range of life under Nazism: the Persickes, a family of brutal Party loyalists; old Frau Rosenthal, a Jewish widow whose flat is looted and who is hounded until she jumps to her death; and retired judge Fromm, who quietly helps where he can.
Hume first published this book in 1748 as Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, and gave it its present title in 1758. It is his deliberate second attempt at the material of Book I of the Treatise, written, he said, so that the argument would no longer fail through its manner.
Locke says in the Epistle to the Reader that the Essay began when five or six friends meeting in his rooms found themselves at a standstill over questions of morality and revealed religion, and he proposed that they first examine what objects human understanding is fitted to deal with. Nearly twenty years later the result was a long, patient survey of where ideas come from, how they combine, how words signify them and how far knowledge and probable belief can reach.
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought is George Boole's attempt to express logic, probability, and reasoning in mathematical form. The book begins from a bold premise: the operations of the mind in reasoning can be studied through symbols and laws analogous to those of algebra.
As We May Think is a speculative essay about the problem of intellectual abundance. Written at the end of World War II, it asks what scientists should do when their wartime energies turn toward peace and when the record of human knowledge has grown too large for traditional methods of indexing, filing, and retrieval.
Franklin's Autobiography and Poor Richard's Almanack present the founding era through self-fashioning, practical wisdom, and the culture of improvement. The Autobiography narrates Franklin's movement from Boston apprentice to Philadelphia printer, civic organizer, scientist, and public man.
Beowulf remembers a northern heroic world through three combats that join glory to mortality. Hrothgar's hall Heorot, built as a center of gift-giving and song, becomes a place of terror when Grendel attacks the sleeping retainers.
Subtitled 'Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future', Beyond Good and Evil was Nietzsche's attempt to restate in plain argumentative prose, divided into 296 numbered sections and a closing poem, the ideas that Thus Spoke Zarathustra had put in prophetic form. The preface opens by supposing that truth is a woman and that dogmatic philosophers, with their clumsy seriousness, have never known how to win her.
This collection pairs Melville's posthumous novella Billy Budd, Sailor with the best of the short fiction he published in magazines in the 1850s, usually including Bartleby, the Scrivener, Benito Cereno and The Encantadas (contents vary by edition). Bartleby (1853) is narrated by a comfortable Wall Street lawyer who hires a pale, quiet copyist.
Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, subtitled 'The Autobiography of a Horse', is narrated by a handsome black horse with a white star and one white foot. He grows up in a pleasant meadow under a kind master, Farmer Grey, and his mother Duchess teaches him to be gentle and good and to work willingly.
Maudsley's Body and Mind argues that mental life cannot be separated from bodily organization, nervous function, heredity, and disease. Based on the Gulstonian Lectures, the book brings Victorian psychiatry, physiology, and evolutionary thought into one frame.
BUtterfield 8, named for a fashionable Manhattan telephone exchange, is set in New York in 1931, in the last years of Prohibition and the early Depression, among speakeasies, apartment hotels and the blurred borderland between respectable society and its demimonde. Its central figure is Gloria Wandrous, a beautiful, intelligent young woman who drinks heavily, sleeps with men who interest her and lives partly on their generosity, while refusing to see herself as a kept woman or a prostitute.
Candide, ou l'Optimisme follows a guileless young man raised in the castle of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh in Westphalia, where the tutor Pangloss teaches that this is the best of all possible worlds and that everything is for the best. Candide is kicked out of the castle for kissing the Baron's daughter Cunégonde behind a screen, and the rest of the tale tests Pangloss's doctrine against an avalanche of catastrophe.
Cannery Row is a loosely plotted, affectionate portrait of the sardine-cannery district of Monterey, California, during the Depression, built from short narrative chapters alternating with self-contained vignettes or 'inter-chapters'. Its centre is Doc, a gentle, learned marine biologist who runs the Western Biological Laboratory, collects specimens from the tide pools, listens to Gregorian chant and Bach, reads poetry, and is trusted by everyone on the Row.
Centesimus Annus marks the hundredth anniversary of Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum and reads the social question through the upheavals of the twentieth century. John Paul II returns first to 1891: industrial labor, socialist agitation, private property, wages, association, and the rights of workers.
Ceremony follows Tayo, a young man of mixed Laguna and white ancestry, who returns to the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New Mexico after the Second World War deeply ill in body and mind. In the Philippines he fought alongside his cousin Rocky, the family's favoured son, and endured the Bataan Death March; Rocky died of his wounds during the march, and Tayo could not save him.
Characters is a collection of brief sketches of recognizable social types: the dissembler, flatterer, chatterer, boor, complaisant man, reckless man, tactless man, mean man, show-off, coward, oligarchic sympathizer, late learner, slanderer and many others. Each sketch begins with a definition and then offers small scenes in which the type reveals himself through repeated behavior.
Chess (Schachnovelle, also translated as The Royal Game or Chess Story) is narrated by a passenger on a liner sailing from New York to Buenos Aires shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War. Aboard is the world chess champion Mirko Czentovic, a stolid, almost illiterate son of a poor Danube boatman who was raised by a village priest, revealed an uncanny talent for chess, and now plays mechanically and greedily for money, showing no curiosity about anything else.
City of God is Augustine’s monumental argument that Rome’s disaster does not discredit Christianity and that human history must be understood through two loves. The immediate occasion is the sack of Rome by Alaric in 410, after which critics blamed Christians for weakening the old gods.
Freud's late essay, in German Das Unbehagen in der Kultur ('the uneasiness in culture'), asks why civilized people, who have built so much for their own protection, are so often unhappy. It is written in eight short chapters in a conversational, self-questioning style.
Cold Comfort Farm is a comic novel parodying the overwrought rural fiction of the early twentieth century, the 'loam and lovechild' school associated with writers such as Mary Webb and D. H.
This Paine anthology gathers the pamphlets that made revolutionary argument feel urgent, portable, and democratic. Common Sense, published in January 1776, attacks monarchy, hereditary succession, reconciliation with Britain, and political hesitation.
Parker's Complete Poems gathers the light verse that made her one of the best-selling poets of the 1920s and 1930s. The core of the volume is her three collections, Enough Rope (1926), Sunset Gun (1928) and Death and Taxes (1931), which were combined in Not So Deep as a Well (1936), together with uncollected and early verse published in magazines from the 1910s onward.
The Confessions is a prayer in thirteen books addressed to God, in which Augustine recounts his life up to his mother's death and then turns to philosophical reflection on memory, time and the creation narrative of Genesis. Books I to IX are autobiographical.
Rousseau's Confessions is the founding text of modern autobiography. It promises to show 'a man in all the integrity of nature', the author himself, concealing nothing.
Crime and Punishment follows Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished former student in St. Petersburg, as he murders the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta while testing an idea about extraordinary persons who may step over ordinary law.
Kant's first Critique asks whether metaphysics is possible as a science, and answers by examining reason's own powers before trusting any of its claims about God, the soul or the world as a whole. The first-edition preface describes human reason as burdened by questions it cannot dismiss and cannot answer, and the second-edition preface proposes a Copernican experiment: instead of assuming that knowledge must conform to objects, suppose that objects must conform to the forms of our knowing.
Cybernetics presents one of the twentieth century's boldest attempts to unite machines, organisms, and societies under a single vocabulary of control, communication, feedback, and information. Wiener begins from wartime problems of prediction, especially the effort to anticipate the path of aircraft quickly enough for anti-aircraft fire.
Daisy Miller: A Study is told in close third person through Frederick Winterbourne, a young American who has lived most of his life in Geneva and has grown, in his aunt's phrase, too used to European ways. At a hotel in Vevey on Lake Geneva he meets Annie 'Daisy' Miller, a pretty, rich and uninhibited girl from Schenectady, New York, travelling with her vague, dyspeptic mother and her brash little brother Randolph, accompanied by a courier, Eugenio, whom they treat almost as a member of the family.
David Copperfield is the first-person autobiography of a novelist looking back on his life. David is born at Blunderstone in Suffolk six months after his father's death, on a night when his formidable great-aunt Betsey Trotwood storms out on learning he is not a girl.
De Anima asks what soul is by beginning with the observable powers of living things. Aristotle reviews earlier accounts from thinkers such as Democritus, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Plato, then rejects explanations that make soul either a wandering body, a harmony, or a separate passenger inside the organism.
De Materia Medica is an ancient pharmacopoeia: a systematic guide to plants, animals, minerals, wines, oils and manufactured preparations used as medicines. Dioscorides does not write a narrative.
De Regno is Aquinas's unfinished treatise on kingship, addressed to the king of Cyprus and concerned with why political rule exists, how it can serve the common good, and how it can decay into tyranny. Aquinas begins from the social nature of human beings.
Death Comes for the Archbishop follows Jean Marie Latour and Joseph Vaillant, French missionary priests sent to the newly annexed American Southwest to organize the Catholic Church in New Mexico. Cather shapes the novel less as a conventional plot than as a sequence of remembered journeys, encounters, hardships, and acts of pastoral administration.
Death of a Salesman: Certain Private Conversations in Two Acts and a Requiem covers the last twenty-four hours or so of Willy Loman, a sixty-three-year-old travelling salesman, interwoven with his memories and imaginings of the past. Willy returns early to his small Brooklyn house, now hemmed in by apartment buildings, because he can no longer keep the car on the road: his mind keeps drifting.
Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias reworks Kraepelin's deteriorating psychosis into a broader and more psychologically complex group of disorders. Its most famous act is terminological: Bleuler introduces schizophrenia to name a splitting or disjunction in psychic functions, not a split personality in the popular sense.
Democracy in America is Tocqueville's great comparative study of democratic society. The first volume examines American political institutions: township government, federalism, courts, associations, parties, newspapers, religion, and the habits that sustain self-government.
Tuke describes the York Retreat, a Quaker institution founded after scandals in local madhouse care, as an alternative to fear, neglect, and routine coercion. The book gives the Retreat a history, an architecture, a daily rhythm, and a theory of treatment.
Destruction and Creation and the OODA Loop Briefings gather John Boyd's strategic thought from thermodynamics and epistemology to conflict, command, and adaptation. Destruction and Creation argues that organisms and organizations must break apart old mental concepts and rebuild new ones in order to cope with a changing reality.
Modelled on Cicero's On the Nature of the Gods, Hume's Dialogues are narrated by Pamphilus, a young man, to his friend Hermippus, and report a conversation at the house of Pamphilus's tutor, Cleanthes. Three speakers debate not whether God exists, which all profess to accept, but what can be known of God's nature by reason.
Dignitatis Humanae, the Second Vatican Council's declaration on religious freedom, argues that the human person has a right not to be coerced by individuals, groups, or the state in religious matters. The document grounds that right in dignity, conscience, and the nature of truth, while insisting that the right concerns immunity from coercion rather than indifference about religious truth.
The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences was published anonymously in Leiden in 1637 as a preface to three scientific essays, the Dioptrics, the Meteors and the Geometry. Descartes wrote it in French rather than Latin so that readers using their natural reason, including women, could judge it without scholastic training, and he presented it not as a treatise but as a history or fable of his own mind.
The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha was published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615. An impoverished hidalgo of about fifty, Alonso Quixano, reads chivalric romances until, from too little sleep and too much reading, his brain dries up and he loses his wits.
Dracula is told through journals, letters, phonograph diaries, telegrams and newspaper cuttings assembled by its characters. Jonathan Harker, a young English solicitor, travels to Transylvania to arrange the purchase of a London property, Carfax, for Count Dracula.
Early Black Church Sermons and Addresses is an anthology concept rather than one single-author book: it gathers public religious speech from Black Christian leaders before 1950, using only public-domain sermons, convention addresses, ordination sermons, and printed appeals. Its center is the Black church as pulpit, school, refuge, protest platform, mutual-aid network, and political institution.
Early Christian Lives gathers late antique biographies of saints, monks and holy figures, often including Athanasius’ Life of Antony and Jerome’s lives of Paul, Hilarion and Malchus. These works do not present biography as neutral chronology.
Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers gathers short texts from Christianity’s formative generations after the apostles. The collection usually includes 1 Clement, the letters of Ignatius, Polycarp’s letter, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, the Didache, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Shepherd of Hermas, 2 Clement and fragments such as Papias or the Epistle to Diognetus, depending on edition.
Francis of Assisi reaches modern popular culture through birds, wolves, poverty, brown robes, garden statues, animal blessings, Christmas cribs, and an almost ecological tenderness. The early sources are more demanding.
East of Eden is a multigenerational saga set mainly in the Salinas Valley of California from the Civil War to the First World War, which retells the story of Cain and Abel through two families: the Trasks and the Hamiltons, the latter being the narrator's own maternal ancestors. Samuel Hamilton, a poor, inventive, generous Irish immigrant farmer and blacksmith, raises a large family on barren land.
Ecce Homo is Nietzsche's late self-interpretation, part autobiography, part literary self-defense, part philosophical performance. Its chapter headings are famously outrageous: why he is so wise, clever, and a destiny; why he writes such good books.
Effi Briest opens at Hohen-Cremmen, the Brandenburg estate of the Briest family, where seventeen-year-old Effi, playful and still half a child, is suddenly engaged to Baron Geert von Innstetten, a thirty-eight-year-old district administrator who long ago courted her mother. Effi accepts, partly from ambition and partly from a wish for excitement, and the couple marry and move to Kessin, a small Baltic resort town in Pomerania.
The Enneads collect Plotinus's treatises as arranged by his student Porphyry into six groups of nine. They do not form a continuous textbook, but they return again and again to a metaphysical pattern: all reality proceeds from the One, through Intellect, to Soul, and the philosophical life is a movement of return toward unity.
The Essays volume is a selection from the Moralia, the miscellaneous body of some seventy-eight surviving treatises attributed to Plutarch, alongside his famous Lives. Where the Lives teach ethics through the example of great men, the Moralia address readers directly, offering practical moral philosophy in the form of lectures, letters, dialogues and consolations.
Montaigne called his pieces essais, 'trials' or 'attempts', and the word names both a method and a new literary genre. The book gathers 107 chapters in three books, ranging from one-page notes on thumbs, smells and names to the sprawling 'Apology for Raymond Sebond', which fills a sixth of the whole.
Bacon's Essays, or Counsels, Civil and Moral, grew over almost thirty years from a slim volume of ten pieces in 1597 to fifty-eight in the final edition of 1625, the text used here. Bacon borrowed the name essay from Montaigne, but where Montaigne explored himself at leisure, Bacon compressed observation into dense, balanced sentences meant for men of business and government.
Essays and Aphorisms is the title of the selection translated by R. J.
Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order is set out like Euclid: definitions, axioms, numbered propositions, proofs, corollaries and the discursive notes (scholia) where Spinoza speaks most freely. Its five parts lead from God to human blessedness.
Evangelium Vitae is John Paul II's 1995 encyclical on the dignity and inviolability of human life. It opens with biblical meditation, especially the story of Cain and Abel, and then develops a moral analysis of what the pope calls threats to life in modern law, medicine, family life, and political culture.
Washington's Farewell Address and selected letters present leadership as restraint, reputation, and institutional precedent. The Farewell Address, published in 1796 near the end of his presidency, warns against sectional division, party spirit, foreign entanglement, public debt, and attacks on constitutional authority.
Fathers and Sons is set in the Russian countryside in the spring and summer of 1859, two years before the emancipation of the serfs. Arkady Kirsanov, a newly graduated student, returns to his father's modest, poorly run estate, Maryino, bringing his friend and mentor Yevgeny Bazarov, a brusque, brilliant medical student of humble origins who calls himself a nihilist: he accepts no principle on authority and values only what is useful, especially natural science.
Fear and Trembling: Dialectical Lyric appeared in Copenhagen on 16 October 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio, 'John of silence', the same day as Repetition. Its subject is Genesis 22, in which God commands Abraham to take his son Isaac to Mount Moriah and offer him as a burnt offering.
Fides et Ratio is John Paul II's 1998 encyclical on the relation between faith and reason. Its governing image is that the human spirit rises toward contemplation of truth by two wings, and the whole argument defends the compatibility and mutual need of revelation and philosophical inquiry.
First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC is not a polished monograph but a technical memorandum whose influence exceeds its form. Written in 1945 for the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer project, it describes a general-purpose electronic digital computer in which numerical data and operating instructions occupy the same high-speed memory.
Heraclitus's book does not survive; what remains are roughly 130 short sayings preserved as quotations by later authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus and Diogenes Laertius. Modern editions number them according to Hermann Diels and Walther Kranz (DK), and the reference edition presents them in a fresh translation with commentary.
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a frame narrative told through the letters of Robert Walton, an English explorer whose ship is trapped in Arctic ice. Walton rescues a dying stranger, Victor Frankenstein, who has been pursuing a gigantic figure across the frozen sea, and who tells his story as a warning to a man whose ambition resembles his own.
Galen: Selected Works introduces a physician whose ambition was encyclopedic. The surviving Galenic corpus ranges from technical anatomy and pulse lore to philosophical defenses of method, from therapeutics and compound drugs to autobiography and polemic against rivals.
Kant's Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785), translated by Abbott as Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, is a short book with a narrow and ambitious aim: to identify and establish the supreme principle of morality. It does not offer a full ethical system, which Kant postponed to the Metaphysics of Morals of 1797, but clears the ground by asking what must be true of moral obligation if it is to bind every rational being without exception.
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver, presents itself as the sober memoir of a ship's surgeon. In Part I, shipwrecked, Gulliver wakes on the shore of Lilliput tied down by people six inches tall.
Heart of Darkness is told by an unnamed narrator aboard the yawl Nellie, anchored in the Thames estuary at dusk, who reports a story told by his companion, the seaman Charles Marlow. Marlow begins by observing that the Thames, too, was once one of the dark places of the earth when the Romans came.
Hippocratic Writings is not a single book but a library of early Greek medicine: case histories, ethical rules, theoretical essays, surgical manuals, dietetic advice, aphorisms and polemics against rival healers. Its strongest works begin from the sickbed.
Augustine's Homilies on the Gospel of John are pastoral expositions of one of Christianity's most theologically dense texts. Preached to a congregation rather than composed as a detached treatise, they move through John's prologue, signs, discourses, passion narrative, resurrection appearances, and final scenes with Peter and the beloved disciple.
Homilies on the Statues records Chrysostom preaching to Antioch during a civic emergency in 387. After unpopular imperial taxes provoked unrest, a crowd in Antioch insulted and damaged statues of Emperor Theodosius and his family.
Humboldt's Gift is narrated by Charlie Citrine, a successful middle-aged Chicago writer who has won a Pulitzer Prize and made a fortune from a Broadway hit about the eighteenth-century adventurer Baron von Trenck, which was also made into a film. Now in his fifties, Charlie is distracted, spiritually restless and steadily losing his money.
I Am Prepared to Die is Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock during the Rivonia Trial in 1964. Facing charges that could lead to death, Mandela uses the courtroom not primarily to plead for mercy but to explain the political history and moral logic of resistance to apartheid.
Frederick wrote the treatise known in English as Instructions for His Generals in the winter of 1746–1747, after the first two Silesian Wars had won and held the rich Austrian province of Silesia. Its French title was Les Principes généraux de la guerre; a German version, Die General-Principia vom Kriege, was printed in 1748 in a small number of copies for Prussian generals, who were bound to keep it secret.
Jewish Antiquities is Josephus' twenty-book retelling of Jewish history from creation to the outbreak of revolt against Rome in 66 CE. It is not simply a paraphrase of the Bible, though its first half follows Genesis through the monarchy, exile and restoration.
King Lear begins with a political and familial error: Lear divides Britain according to a public love test, accepts the fluent flattery of Goneril and Regan, rejects Cordelia's plain truth, and banishes Kent for trying to correct him. The abdication leaves Lear with the name of king but without the substance of rule, and the tragedy strips away retinue, shelter, authority, sanity, and finally family.
Kokoro, a word meaning heart, mind or the core of things, is in three parts. In the first, 'Sensei and I', a young university student in Tokyo meets an older man at the seaside resort of Kamakura and is drawn to him, calling him Sensei, 'teacher'.
Kraepelin's Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry introduces readers to psychiatric diagnosis through bedside cases and disease course. Rather than beginning with abstract definitions, the lectures proceed from patients: mood disturbance, excitement, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, deterioration, alcoholism, epilepsy, paralysis, dementia praecox, manic-depressive insanity, and other clinical groupings.
Lectures on Revivals of Religion is Finney's manual of revival as method. Where Edwards treats awakening as a surprising work to be interpreted cautiously, Finney argues that revivals are not miracles in the sense of being beyond means.
Charcot's lectures show clinical neurology becoming a public method: observe signs, localize lesions, correlate symptoms with anatomy, and teach by cases. The English volumes gather Salpetriere lectures on spinal cord disease, paralysis, tremor, sclerosis, locomotor ataxia, hysteria, epilepsy, and related nervous disorders.
Letters and Papers from Prison was assembled after the war by Eberhard Bethge, Bonhoeffer's closest friend, former student and nephew by marriage, and published in 1951 as Widerstand und Ergebung ('Resistance and Submission'). It gathers what Bonhoeffer wrote during two years of imprisonment by the Nazi state, together with the essay 'After Ten Years', composed at Christmas 1942 as a stocktaking for fellow conspirators.
Letters from a Stoic selects from Seneca’s Moral Letters to Lucilius, a sequence of philosophical letters that turn daily life into training for freedom. Seneca writes as an older adviser to a younger friend, but the letters are also exercises for himself.
Napoleon dictated or wrote tens of thousands of letters, often several dozen a day, to generals, ministers, prefects, bishops, kings, his family and the women he loved. Napoleon III's government published a thirty-two-volume Correspondance de Napoléon Ier between 1858 and 1870, pruning letters that embarrassed the dynasty; the Fondation Napoléon's complete edition, begun in 2004, runs to more than forty thousand items.
Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil was published in London in 1651, two years after the execution of Charles I, and its famous frontispiece shows a giant crowned sovereign whose body is made of hundreds of tiny subjects, holding a sword and a bishop's crozier above a peaceful town. The Introduction states the governing analogy: as art can make automata with springs for hearts and strings for nerves, so human art creates the commonwealth, an artificial man whose soul is sovereignty.
Sulpitius Severus's Life of St. Martin made Martin of Tours one of the defining saints of the Latin West.
Little Women follows the four March sisters growing up in a New England town during and after the American Civil War, while their father serves as an army chaplain. Meg, the eldest, is pretty and longs for fine things; Jo, a tomboyish aspiring writer with a quick temper, is the heart of the book; Beth is shy, gentle and musical; and Amy, the youngest, is artistic and vain.
Leibniz's logical writings on binary arithmetic and universal character are scattered across essays, letters, drafts, and memoranda rather than gathered in a single finished book. Their unity lies in a dream: reasoning might be made clearer, more reliable, and more inventive by a symbolic language whose elements combine according to rules.
Long Walk to Freedom is Mandela's memoir of childhood, political awakening, resistance, imprisonment, negotiation, and democratic transition. It begins in rural Transkei, with family, Thembu traditions, mission schooling, and the gradual widening of Mandela's world through education and urban life.
Lord Jim begins with an omniscient narrator describing Jim, a young English parson's son who went to sea after reading light holiday literature and dreams of heroic deeds. Injured by a falling spar, he recovers in an Eastern port and takes a berth as chief mate of the Patna, a decrepit steamer carrying eight hundred Muslim pilgrims across the Arabian Sea.
This volume collects three of Aristophanes' comedies (contents vary by edition; a long-standing selection is The Acharnians, The Clouds and Lysistrata). The Acharnians (425 BCE), the earliest surviving comedy, is set in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War.
Macbeth opens on a Scottish heath where three witches plan to meet Macbeth. Returning from victory over rebels and Norwegian invaders, Macbeth and his fellow general Banquo meet the witches, who hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and future king, and tell Banquo that his descendants will be kings.
Mansfield Park follows Fanny Price, the timid daughter of a poor, overburdened family in Portsmouth, who at ten is taken in by her wealthy aunt and uncle, Sir Thomas and Lady Bertram, at Mansfield Park in Northamptonshire. Her other aunt, the officious and mean Mrs Norris, never lets her forget her dependent status, and her cousins Tom, Maria and Julia treat her with indifference.
Medea and Other Plays centers on Euripides’ art of making the socially powerless terrifyingly articulate. Medea begins after Jason has abandoned his foreign wife and children to marry the Corinthian princess.
Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind is often called the first American psychiatry textbook. Benjamin Rush gathers observations, classifications, causes, and treatments for mania, melancholy, hypochondria, derangement, moral faculties, memory, and related conditions.
The Meditations, which Marcus Aurelius may have titled simply 'To Himself', is a private notebook of philosophical reflections written in Greek, probably during his military campaigns on the Danube in the 170s CE. It was not intended for publication and consists of twelve books of entries ranging from single sentences to short essays, often repeated and varied as exercises to fix principles in the mind.
Meditationes de prima philosophia, published in Paris in 1641, compresses Descartes's metaphysics into six meditations, each imagined as a day's reflection by a solitary thinker seated by the fire in a dressing gown. The book was issued with six sets of Objections from learned readers (Caterus, Mersenne's circle, Hobbes, Arnauld, Gassendi and others) and Descartes's Replies, which are longer than the Meditations themselves; a second edition (Amsterdam, 1642) added the Jesuit Bourdin's Seventh Objections.
Sherman's Memoirs, published in two volumes in 1875 and revised in 1886, present themselves less as history than as testimony; in the preface to the second edition he says he writes as a witness before the tribunal of history, supplying material for some future historian. The first volume, the text stored in this library, runs from his Ohio boyhood to the Meridian campaign of February 1864.
Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance and Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention show him as both principled advocate and institutional anatomist. Memorial and Remonstrance, written in 1785 against a Virginia religious assessment bill, argues that religion must be free from state coercion because conscience is prior to civil society and cannot be surrendered to government.
Esquirol expands Pinelian alienism into a more elaborate clinical and institutional system. Mental Maladies surveys insanity as a family of disorders marked by disturbances of perception, judgment, passion, volition, and bodily function.
Griesinger gives nineteenth-century psychiatry a somatic and medical program. Mental Pathology and Therapeutics treats insanity as a disorder of the brain, even while admitting how little pathological anatomy could yet prove.
The Metamorphoses is a Latin poem in fifteen books of dactylic hexameter, about 12,000 lines, that strings together some 250 myths of transformation from the creation of the world to the deification of Julius Caesar and the reign of Augustus. Its unifying thread is change of form: gods, humans and nymphs become animals, plants, stones, stars and springs, usually at moments of extreme passion, violence or divine punishment.
My Ántonia is presented as a memoir written by Jim Burden, a successful New York railroad lawyer, about a Bohemian girl he knew in his Nebraska childhood; a brief introduction by an unnamed friend frames his manuscript. Orphaned at ten, Jim travels from Virginia to live with his grandparents on the prairie near the town of Black Hawk.
Napoleon's Maxims of War is not a book Napoleon wrote but a compilation made by a French officer, General Burnod, who in 1827 published Maximes de guerre de Napoléon, drawn from the emperor's memoirs dictated on St Helena and other sources. The British officer George Charles D'Aguilar translated it into English in 1831, adding explanatory notes with examples from the campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, Montecuccoli, Frederick the Great and Napoleon himself.
This Douglass entry pairs the 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass with the 1852 speech commonly known as What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? The Narrative tells Douglass's movement from enslaved childhood in Maryland through violence, literacy, skilled labor, resistance, escape, and public abolitionist identity.
Natural History: A Selection introduces one of antiquity’s great encyclopedic minds. Pliny wants to collect nature and human use together: stars, lands, peoples, animals, plants, metals, pigments, stones, medicines, marvels and technologies all belong to one vast inventory.
Northanger Abbey follows Catherine Morland, the unremarkable seventeen-year-old daughter of a country clergyman, whom the narrator teasingly insists no one would have supposed born to be a heroine. Catherine is a devoted reader of Gothic novels, especially Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho.
Ada Lovelace's Notes on Menabrea's Sketch of the Analytical Engine begin as an act of translation and become a theory of computation. Luigi Menabrea had published a French account of Charles Babbage's proposed Analytical Engine after hearing Babbage lecture in Turin.
Jefferson's selected writings show the range and tensions of the revolutionary Enlightenment in America. Notes on the State of Virginia began as answers to questions from a French diplomat, but it became Jefferson's most sustained book: a survey of Virginia's geography, natural history, laws, economy, population, slavery, Indigenous peoples, education, religion, and politics.
The Novum Organum ('new instrument') is the second and only substantially completed part of Bacon's projected Instauratio Magna, a six-part plan to rebuild human knowledge from its foundations. Its title throws down a challenge to the Organon, the collection of Aristotle's logical works that had governed university teaching for centuries.
Of Mice and Men takes place over a few days on a ranch near Soledad in California's Salinas Valley during the Depression. George Milton, small and sharp, and Lennie Small, a huge, immensely strong man with an intellectual disability and the mind of a child, are itinerant ranch hands who travel together, unusual among solitary migrant workers.
This paired entry brings together Alan Turing's 1936 paper On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem and his 1950 essay Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The first paper attacks a precise mathematical problem: what does it mean for a number or function to be computable?
On Fairy-Stories is Tolkien's defense of fairy-story as a serious form of imaginative art. He begins by rejecting narrow definitions that identify fairy tales with children, small supernatural beings, dreams, or mere folklore collection.
On Formally Undecidable Propositions is one of the decisive works in the history of logic. Godel addresses the dream that mathematics might be placed on a complete and consistent formal foundation, a dream associated with Hilbert's program.
This small volume presents Montaigne's celebrated essay on friendship together with other essays from the Essais in M. A.
On Liberty asks what limits there are on the power society may legitimately exercise over the individual. Mill opens by observing that the old struggle between subjects and rulers has been transformed by democracy.
On Medicine, or De Medicina, is the most important surviving Latin medical work before late antiquity. Celsus organizes medicine into diet, drugs and surgery, giving Roman readers a lucid account of Greek medical learning without the dense polemic of specialist schools.
On the Genealogy of Morality is Nietzsche's most sustained inquiry into the historical and psychological origins of moral values. In three treatises he asks where good and evil came from, how guilt and bad conscience developed, and what ascetic ideals do for priests, philosophers, artists, scientists, and sufferers.
On the Making of Man is Gregory of Nyssa's theological anthropology, written as an extended reflection on Genesis and the claim that human beings are made in the image of God. Gregory combines scriptural exegesis, Platonizing philosophy, and late antique physiology to ask why humanity is embodied, rational, sexual, mortal, and capable of divine likeness.
On the Nature of the Universe, better known as De Rerum Natura, is a philosophical poem that tries to cure fear by explaining the world. Lucretius addresses Memmius and invokes Venus, then argues that religion has driven human beings to cruelty, as in the sacrifice of Iphigenia.
On the Origin of Species argues that species are not fixed, separately created kinds but populations changed over time by variation, inheritance, struggle, natural selection, and descent with modification. Darwin begins with variation under domestication, using pigeons, livestock, and cultivated plants to show how small differences can be preserved and accumulated.
On the Road is narrated by Sal Paradise, a young writer living with his aunt in New Jersey, and records a series of journeys back and forth across the United States and into Mexico between 1947 and 1950. The engine of the book is Dean Moriarty, a fast-talking, car-stealing, endlessly restless young man from Denver who seems to Sal the embodiment of a wild, joyous American energy.
On War (Vom Kriege) is an unfinished philosophical inquiry into the nature of war, written by a Prussian staff officer who had lived through the Napoleonic transformation of warfare. It is organised in eight books, but Clausewitz left a note in 1827 saying that only the first chapter of Book I satisfied him, and he was revising the whole when he died.
Our Town presents Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, through three acts named Daily Life, Love and Marriage, and Death and Eternity. The Stage Manager introduces streets, families, dates, statistics, church steeples, milk deliveries, schoolbooks, and weather with almost no scenery, making the ordinary visible by stripping theater to gesture, voice, and memory.
Passages from the Life of a Philosopher is Charles Babbage's late memoir of invention, public controversy, and scientific administration. It is not a continuous autobiography so much as a set of argued recollections.
Passing is a short novel in three parts, told in close third person through the consciousness of Irene Redfield, a light-skinned Black woman married to a Harlem physician. It opens with a letter that stirs Irene's memory of an encounter two years earlier.
The Pensées ('Thoughts') are the fragments of an unfinished apology for the Christian religion, found after Pascal's death in 1662 as nearly a thousand notes, many on slips of paper threaded together in bundles. Pascal had planned a work that would first unsettle the complacent unbeliever (the honnête homme of polite society) by showing the misery and contradiction of the human condition, then show that Christianity alone explains that condition and offers its remedy.
Persian Letters is an epistolary novel made up of letters exchanged between two Persian noblemen travelling in Europe, Usbek and his younger companion Rica, and their friends, servants and wives back home in Isfahan. The letters run from 1711 to 1720, covering the last years of Louis XIV, the Regency and the collapse of John Law's financial system.
The Personal Memoirs of U. S.
Persuasion is Austen's last completed novel, a story of second chances. Anne Elliot is the overlooked middle daughter of Sir Walter Elliot, a vain and extravagant baronet of Kellynch Hall in Somerset.
This volume pairs one of Plato's most literary dialogues with two letters attributed to him. The Phaedrus takes place outside the walls of Athens, where Socrates, who rarely leaves the city, walks with the young Phaedrus along the river Ilissus and sits under a plane tree on a hot summer day.
Gerard Manley Hopkins's Poems, published after his death in 1918, bring together a Jesuit priest's experiments in sound, perception, praise, and spiritual desolation. Hopkins's key ideas of inscape and instress name the particular form of a created thing and the energy by which that form is apprehended.
Politics examines the polis as the community ordered toward living well. Aristotle begins with the household, including relations of master and slave, husband and wife, parent and child, and then argues that the city exists by nature because human beings possess speech about justice and advantage.
Pride and Prejudice turns courtship into a discipline of moral interpretation. Elizabeth Bennet first judges Fitzwilliam Darcy by his proud refusal to dance and by Wickham's persuasive account of injury, while Darcy judges Elizabeth through the embarrassment of her family, the inferiority of her connections, and his own rank.
Newton's Principia sets out the mathematical principles of natural philosophy and shows that the same laws can explain terrestrial motion and celestial order. The work begins with definitions of mass, quantity of motion, inertia, impressed force, centripetal force, absolute and relative space, and absolute and relative time.
Psychopathia Sexualis is a medico-forensic taxonomy of sexual behavior written for physicians and lawyers. Krafft-Ebing organizes case histories under categories such as hyperaesthesia, anaesthesia, paraesthesia, sadism, masochism, fetishism, and contrary sexual feeling, using the language of degeneration, neuropathic heredity, and criminal responsibility.
The Regensburg Lecture, delivered by Benedict XVI in 2006 at the University of Regensburg, argues that Christian faith is intrinsically bound to reason and that the modern narrowing of reason endangers both theology and culture. Benedict begins with a contested quotation from a dialogue between the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus and a Persian interlocutor, then uses the controversy over faith and violence to introduce his larger claim: acting against reason is contrary to the nature of God.
Ruth is Gaskell's novel about a 'fallen woman', written to challenge the Victorian assumption that an unmarried mother and her child were beyond redemption. Ruth Hilton is a beautiful, innocent orphan of fifteen, apprenticed to a dressmaker, Mrs Mason, in a country town, where she works long hours in a cold workroom.
The Second Treatise, subtitled 'An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government', is the constructive half of Locke's Two Treatises. The First Treatise demolishes Sir Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, which derived the absolute power of kings from Adam's fatherly dominion.
Latimer's Selected Sermons bring the English Reformation into a rough, vivid, public idiom. Unlike a systematic theologian, Latimer often sounds like a moral witness standing before court and commons at once.
Calvin's Selected Sermons present the Reformation as disciplined exposition rather than only protest. Preaching in Geneva, Calvin moved sequentially through biblical books, applying Scripture to doctrine, worship, civic life, household conduct, suffering, and church reform.
Whitefield's Selected Sermons preserve the voice of the eighteenth century's most famous evangelical itinerant. His preaching emphasized new birth, heartfelt conversion, human sin, Christ's mercy, and the immediate demand that hearers respond.
Spurgeon's Selected Sermons show Victorian evangelical preaching at industrial scale. Week by week, his sermons moved from pulpit to print, reaching readers far beyond the Metropolitan Tabernacle.
Moody's Selected Sermons represent revival preaching after the Civil War, in the age of railroads, urbanization, mass meetings, gospel hymnody, and organized evangelistic campaigns. Moody's style is famously plain.
Selected Sermons and Reformation Treatises gathers the Luther who speaks from pulpit, classroom, controversy, and pastoral desk. The center is not one genre but a reformatory voice: the Ninety-Five Theses against indulgence abuse, The Freedom of a Christian, sermons on faith and good works, catechetical teaching, and occasional writings shaped by conflict.
Maupassant's stories, written mostly between 1880 and 1890, are compact, ironic and often brutal studies of French life: Norman peasants, Parisian clerks, prostitutes, bourgeois families, soldiers and the provincial gentry. This selection gathers many of the best known, which typically include the following.
Sense and Sensibility follows two sisters whose temperaments represent the opposed values of its title. When Henry Dashwood dies, Norland Park in Sussex passes to John, his son by a first marriage, who promises to provide for his stepmother and half-sisters but is talked out of any real generosity by his grasping wife Fanny.
Donne's Sermons and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions bring the metaphysical imagination into pulpit and sickroom. The sermons, including Death's Duel, display a preacher fascinated by mortality, judgment, resurrection, the body, and the unstable boundary between private self and Christian community.
's public theology and civil-rights argument at their most concentrated. The sermon tradition behind King includes the Black church, biblical prophecy, social gospel, liberal theology, and the cadences of African American sacred speech.
Wesley's Sermons on Several Occasions and Primitive Physick make an unusually strong pairing for a medical classics library. The sermons define Methodist teaching on salvation, new birth, sanctification, practical holiness, the means of grace, Christian perfection, money, self-denial, and social responsibility.
Bernard's Sermons on the Song of Songs are among the central monuments of medieval monastic spirituality. They do not offer a continuous modern commentary on every verse.
Seven Pillars of Wisdom is Lawrence's account of his two years with the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, from his first visit to the Hejaz in October 1916 to the entry into Damascus in October 1918. It opens with an introductory chapter that admits the book's political bad conscience: Lawrence knew that Britain and France had already divided the Arab lands in the Sykes–Picot agreement while he encouraged the Arabs to fight for independence.
Siddhartha is a short, lyrical novel set in India in the time of the Buddha, following the spiritual journey of a young man who seeks enlightenment through experience rather than doctrine. Siddhartha is the handsome, gifted son of a Brahmin, admired by all and loved by his friend Govinda.
This paired entry sets Jonathan Edwards's most famous terror sermon beside his narrative of revival in Northampton and neighboring towns. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is often remembered for its imagery of danger, wrath, and suspended judgment, but its structure is theological before it is theatrical.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight opens at Arthur's Christmas court, where a green stranger interrupts the feast with a beheading game. Gawain accepts the challenge, cuts off the Green Knight's head, and must seek the Green Chapel a year later to receive the return blow.
Sixty Stories is Donald Barthelme's own selection of his short fiction from roughly two decades, drawn from collections such as Come Back, Dr. Caligari, Unspeakable Practices, Unnatural Acts, City Life, Sadness, Amateurs and Great Days, together with some previously uncollected pieces.
St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony is less a single book than a layered dossier: a thirteenth-century Latin Vita by Pierre of Cambrai, a medieval shrine in the Brabant town of Geel, and a centuries-long practice of boarding mentally ill people with local families.
Patrick's own writings are the narrow bridge between the global St. Patrick's Day figure and a real late Roman Christian voice.
St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles traces a murder into a medical archive.
St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania joins two histories that later language often confuses: the hagiographic cult of a youthful martyr and the medical naming of involuntary or epidemic movement.
Sts. Cosmas and Damian are the physician saints par excellence: twin or paired martyrs, healers without payment, patrons of doctors and surgeons, and subjects of one of medieval art's strangest surgical miracles.
Sts. Roch and Sebastian became plague saints through two different imaginative routes.
Studies on Hysteria is the classic collaborative text from which psychoanalysis narrates much of its beginning. , followed by theoretical and therapeutic reflections.
The Summa Theologiae, traditionally called the Summa Theologica, is Aquinas's unfinished synthesis of Christian theology, written, as its prologue says, for beginners who were confused by the disorder and repetition of existing textbooks. It contains some 512 questions divided into about 2,600 articles, each built on the same disciplined form inherited from university disputation.
Testament of Youth is Vera Brittain's memoir of the years 1900 to 1925, centred on the First World War, written to show what the war meant to a generation of women. It begins with her provincial girlhood in Buxton, where she chafes against the expectations placed on a middle-class daughter, educates herself, and fights to be allowed to sit the entrance examination for Oxford.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a comic and nostalgic novel of boyhood set in the 1840s in St. Petersburg, a small Missouri town on the Mississippi modelled on Twain's Hannibal.
The Aeneid tells how Aeneas, a Trojan survivor, travels from ruined Troy to Italy to found the lineage that will become Rome. The poem opens with storm and displacement: Juno hates the Trojans, Aeolus releases winds, and Aeneas reaches Carthage.
The Age of Alexander is a collection of nine of Plutarch's Lives covering the Greek world in the fourth and early third centuries BCE, from the decline of Sparta and Thebes through the rise of Macedon and the conquests of Alexander to the struggles of his successors. Removed from their original Roman pairings, they read as a sequence of Greek history told through character.
This volume contains Tacitus' two earliest works, both written in 98 CE, soon after the assassination of the emperor Domitian. The Agricola is a biography and eulogy of the author's father-in-law, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who died in 93.
The Anatomy of Melancholy presents itself as a medical treatise, laid out in the scholastic manner of partitions, sections, members and subsections, on 'what it is, with all the kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, and several cures of it'. It is also an encyclopedia of Renaissance learning, a compendium of quotation from more than a thousand authors, a satire on human folly, and a consolation for its author and readers.
The Annals of Imperial Rome narrates the Julio-Claudian empire from the death of Augustus through Tiberius, Claudius and Nero, though parts are lost. Tacitus writes history as the psychology of autocracy.
The Anti-Federalist Papers are not a single coordinated book but a body of pamphlets, essays, speeches, and newspaper pieces opposing or demanding amendments to the proposed Constitution. Their writers differed among themselves, but they shared alarm about the scale and power of the new federal government.
The Antichrist is Nietzsche's most direct assault on Christianity as a moral and cultural force. It argues that Christianity reverses life-affirming values, sanctifies weakness, elevates pity, falsifies psychology, and turns resentment into virtue.
The Art of the Commonplace gathers Wendell Berry's agrarian essays on land, household, work, food, technology, economy, conservation, and the moral scale of community. The collection's title points to Berry's method: he resists abstraction by returning arguments to farms, watersheds, kitchens, tools, soil, neighbors, and inherited obligations.
The Art of War is a short treatise of thirteen chapters, around six thousand Chinese characters, written as a sequence of terse sayings introduced by the formula 'Sun Tzu said'. It begins by declaring war a matter of life and death for the state, to be studied through five constant factors: the moral law that binds people to their ruler, heaven (weather and seasons), earth (terrain and distance), the commander's qualities, and method and discipline.
Dell'arte della guerra, printed in Florence in 1521, is the only one of Machiavelli's political works published in his lifetime. It is a dialogue in seven books, set in 1516 in the Orti Oricellari, the shaded garden of Cosimo Rucellai, where the humanist circle that Machiavelli frequented met to discuss Livy and republican government.
The Arthashastra, the 'science of material gain' or of statecraft, is a vast Sanskrit treatise on how a king should acquire, protect and govern territory. Written mostly in prose with occasional verses, it is divided into fifteen books and some 150 chapters, and covers almost every aspect of administration with remarkable detail and an unsentimental realism that has led to comparisons with Machiavelli.
The Bacchae and Other Plays presents Euripides at his most dangerous: gods are real, but that does not make them gentle. The Bacchae begins when Dionysus arrives at Thebes in disguise to punish the royal house for denying his divinity and slandering his mother Semele.
The Bhagavad Gita is a dialogue of seven hundred verses in eighteen chapters, forming part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, the great Sanskrit epic of the war between two branches of a royal family, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It is set on the battlefield of Kurukshetra at the moment before battle begins.
The Bible is the sacred scripture of Judaism and Christianity, and the reference edition presents the King James Version of 1611, the most influential translation in English. It is a library rather than a single book.
The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, published in 1872 when Nietzsche was a twenty-seven-year-old professor at Basel, argues that Greek tragedy arose from the union of two opposed artistic drives, which he names after the gods Apollo and Dionysus. The Apollonian is the drive toward clear form, measure and individuation, whose physiological analogue is the dream, in which every person is a perfect artist of images.
The Brothers Karamazov centers on the murder of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, a sensual, neglectful father whose sons embody conflicting responses to desire, faith, reason, and guilt. Dmitri is passionate, impulsive, indebted, and publicly at war with his father over inheritance and Grushenka.
The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories is a selection of Lovecraft's tales, edited with notes by the Lovecraft scholar S. T.
Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Civili, in three books, narrate the first two years of the war he fought against Pompey and the senatorial party, from January 49 BCE to the beginning of the Alexandrian war in late 48. The work is unfinished, breaking off in Alexandria, and it is the most openly political of his writings: its constant task is to show that Caesar was forced into war by a faction of personal enemies, that he repeatedly sought peace, and that he treated defeated fellow citizens with a mercy his opponents never showed.
The Communist Manifesto presents modern history as the history of class struggle and casts the bourgeoisie as both revolutionary and exploitative. Marx and Engels argue that capitalism has dissolved feudal relations, expanded world markets, concentrated production, remade family and nation, and subjected older loyalties to cash exchange.
The Complete Poems of Walt Whitman gathers the evolving work of a poet who made the self expansive enough to contain a democracy. The center is Leaves of Grass, first published in 1855 and revised across multiple editions until Whitman's death.
The Conquest of Gaul is a common English title for Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, seven books narrating his campaigns of 58 to 52 BCE, completed by an eighth book written after his death by his officer Aulus Hirtius. Each book covers one campaigning year, and Caesar speaks of himself throughout in the third person, a device that makes political self-advertisement read like a dispatch.
The Consolation of Philosophy is a prison dialogue between the condemned Boethius and Lady Philosophy, who appears at his bedside when he is sick with grief and self-pity. The work alternates prose and metre.
Published in Munich in 1937 under the one-word title Nachfolge (following, or discipleship), The Cost of Discipleship is Bonhoeffer's attempt to recover the plain command of Jesus to follow him from a Lutheran church that had, he believed, turned grace into a doctrine requiring nothing. Its first chapter sets the terms for the whole book with the contrast between cheap and costly grace.
The Count of Monte Cristo is a vast novel of injustice and revenge. In 1815 Edmond Dantès, a young sailor of Marseilles, returns from a voyage on which he carried a letter from Napoleon's island of Elba as a dying captain requested.
The Death of Ivan Ilyich begins at the end. In the law courts, colleagues of Ivan Ilyich Golovin read in the newspaper of his death, and each thinks first of the promotions and transfers it will bring.
The Descent of Man applies evolutionary theory to human beings and develops Darwin's account of sexual selection. Darwin argues that humans share ancestry with other animals and that differences between human and animal mental faculties are differences of degree rather than absolute kind.
The Divine Comedy begins with Dante lost in a dark wood midway through life, unable to climb the sunlit hill because beasts block his way. Virgil comes as guide and leads him through Inferno, where punishments reveal the inner logic of disordered love, violence, fraud, and treachery.
The Early Christian Creeds gathers short doctrinal texts that became durable summaries of Christian identity: baptismal symbols, conciliar formulas and later Western confessions. The Old Roman Symbol and the Apostles' Creed preserve the shape of early baptismal confession: belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ his Son, the Spirit, the church, forgiveness, resurrection and life.
Darwin's Expression of the Emotions is one of the founding works of comparative psychology. It asks how humans and animals express fear, anger, joy, grief, shame, disgust, attention, and other states through face, posture, voice, tears, hair, muscles, and involuntary action.
The Fall of the Roman Republic is a selection of six of Plutarch's Roman Lives, arranged to tell the story of the Republic's collapse in the century before Augustus: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar and Cicero. Read in sequence, they show how military glory, personal ambition and civil war destroyed Rome's traditional government.
The Federalist Papers are eighty-five essays written to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Published under the shared pseudonym Publius, they defend a stronger federal union against fears that centralized power would destroy liberty.
The Founding Documents gathers the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights as one civic anthology. The Declaration, adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1776, announces separation from Britain by appealing to the laws of nature and of nature’s God, to the self-evident truths that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights, and to government deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed.
The Gay Science, also translated as The Joyful Wisdom, is Nietzsche's book of convalescence, experiment, and dangerous cheerfulness. Its aphorisms and songs range across knowledge, art, women, morality, religion, science, friendship, self-creation, health, and style.
The Golden Ass is a comic, erotic, violent and religious novel about curiosity transformed into degradation and salvation. Lucius, a young man fascinated by magic, travels in Thessaly, a region famous for witches.
This entry gathers the Golden Legend chapters and adjacent medieval traditions behind saints whose images still move through calendars, holidays, icons, hospitals, medals, advertising, and folklore. Jacobus de Voragine did not write critical biography in the modern sense.
The Histories is the first great work of prose history in the Western tradition, an inquiry (historia) into the causes and course of the wars between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. Herodotus states his purpose in the opening: to preserve the memory of great and marvellous deeds of Greeks and barbarians, and especially the reason why they fought one another.
The History of the Church tells the story of Christianity from the apostles to Eusebius’ own fourth-century world, where persecution gives way to imperial favor. Eusebius organizes the past through succession: bishops, teachers, heresies, writings, persecutions and martyrs.
The History of the Peloponnesian War is Thucydides’ unfinished account of the war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 411 BCE. Unlike Herodotus’ broad storytelling, Thucydides narrows his gaze to power, fear, interest, decision and the deterioration of civic language under pressure.
The Iliad tells of a few weeks in the tenth year of the Greek siege of Troy, and its subject, announced in the first line, is the wrath of Achilles. A plague sent by Apollo ravages the Greek camp because Agamemnon, commander of the Achaeans, has refused to return the captive daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses.
Die Traumdeutung appeared in November 1899 with the date 1900 on its title page, and Freud regarded it as his most important book. Its central claim is that dreams are meaningful psychic acts that can be interpreted, and that every dream, properly analysed, proves to be the fulfilment of a wish.
The Jewish War is Josephus' account of the revolt against Rome from its Hasmonean and Herodian prehistory to the destruction of Jerusalem and the last pockets of resistance. Written after Josephus had defected to the Romans, the work tries to explain a catastrophe to several audiences at once: Jews who had survived it, Romans who had conquered, and Greek-speaking readers who needed Judean politics translated into the language of civil war, faction and providence.
The Journey of the Mind into God is Bonaventure's compact map of contemplative ascent, written after meditation on Francis of Assisi's vision of the six-winged seraph at La Verna. The work is structured around six stages, corresponding to the seraph's wings, by which the mind rises through creation, the self, and the names of God before passing beyond conceptual mastery into ecstatic union.
The Koran, or Quran ('recitation'), is the central scripture of Islam. It consists of 114 chapters called suras, of very unequal length, each made up of verses (ayat).
The Lais of Marie de France are twelve short narrative poems in octosyllabic rhyming couplets, preserved together in one manuscript (British Library, Harley 978) with a general prologue in which Marie dedicates them to a 'noble king', probably Henry II. She says she has heard Breton lais, songs commemorating adventures, and has put them into verse so they will not be forgotten.
The Last Days of Socrates gathers four dialogues by Plato that together tell the story of Socrates' trial and death in Athens in 399 BCE: the Euthyphro, the Apology, the Crito and the Phaedo. In the Euthyphro, Socrates meets Euthyphro outside the court where Socrates must answer an indictment for impiety and corrupting the young.
The Major Symptoms of Hysteria gathers Janet's Harvard lectures into a clear account of dissociation, narrowed consciousness, fixed ideas, amnesia, anesthesia, motor symptoms, crises, and suggestibility. Janet stands close to Charcot but less theatrical; he is interested in how psychological functions fall apart, become dissociated, or continue automatically outside ordinary awareness.
The Master and Margarita interweaves two stories: the visit of the Devil to Soviet Moscow in the 1930s and a novel about Pontius Pilate written by an unnamed author known as the Master. On a hot spring evening at Patriarch's Ponds, the literary bureaucrat Mikhail Berlioz and the young poet Ivan Bezdomny are discussing the non-existence of Jesus when a mysterious foreigner joins them.
The Meek One (Krotkaya), also translated as A Gentle Creature, is a long short story that Dostoyevsky published in his one-man journal A Writer's Diary in November 1876, prompted by newspaper reports of suicides, including that of a young seamstress who leapt from a window holding an icon. In a short preface Dostoyevsky calls it a 'fantastic' story, explaining that it is realistic in every respect except its form: it imagines the inner monologue of a man as though a stenographer could record his chaotic thoughts.
The Metaphysical Poets is Helen Gardner's anthology of English poets of the seventeenth century who wrote in the style that Samuel Johnson, borrowing a phrase from Dryden, called 'metaphysical'. Johnson complained that in their verse the most heterogeneous ideas were yoked by violence together; T.
The Misanthrope and Other Plays collects several of Molière's comedies; the edition translated by John Wood and David Coward includes The Misanthrope, The Sicilian, Tartuffe, A Doctor in Spite of Himself and The Imaginary Invalid. Together they show the range of Molière's art, from the verse comedy of character to farce, and his satire of hypocrisy, pretension and medicine.
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket begins as a sea adventure told by a young Nantucketer whose craving for forbidden experience repeatedly overrides judgment. Pym and his friend Augustus Barnard first make a disastrous drunken voyage in the Ariel, a small boat nearly destroyed before rescue.
The New York Trilogy gathers three linked short novels: City of Glass, Ghosts and The Locked Room. Each begins from the materials of detective fiction and then dissolves the detective plot into questions of identity, authorship, language and mental disintegration.
The Nibelungenlied is a medieval German epic of courtship, deception, insult and catastrophic revenge. Its first half centers on Siegfried, prince of Xanten, who comes to Worms hoping to win Kriemhild, sister of the Burgundian kings Gunther, Gernot and Giselher.
The Nicomachean Ethics asks what the human good is and how a life can be shaped toward it. Aristotle begins from the idea that every craft, inquiry and action aims at some good, and that the highest practical good is eudaimonia, often translated happiness or flourishing.
The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus's long return from Troy to Ithaca and of the household that must survive his absence. The poem opens not with Odysseus but with disorder: his son Telemachus is growing up under the pressure of suitors who consume the estate and demand that Penelope choose a new husband.
The Old Man and the Sea follows Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who has gone eighty-four days without taking a fish, as he sails far into the Gulf Stream and hooks a marlin larger than his skiff. Hemingway narrows the plot until skill, endurance, hunger, memory, prayer, and pain are concentrated in one body at sea.
The Oresteia follows the House of Atreus from inherited blood guilt to the foundation of civic justice. Agamemnon opens at Argos, where a watchman sees the beacon announcing Troy’s fall.
Les Passions de l'âme, published in Amsterdam and Paris in November 1649, was Descartes's last book and his fullest account of how mind and body interact in emotional life. It grew out of his correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, who in 1643 had asked him how an immaterial thinking soul could move a body, and who later pressed him on the regulation of grief and the good life.
The Persian Expedition, known in Greek as the Anabasis or 'march up-country', is Xenophon's account of the campaign of 401–399 BCE in which about ten thousand Greek mercenaries followed Cyrus the Younger into Mesopotamia and then fought their way home. Cyrus, younger son of Darius II, gathers an army in Sardis on the pretext of a war against Pisidian raiders, while his real aim is to unseat his brother, King Artaxerxes II.
The Portable Dorothy Parker collects poems, stories, sketches, reviews and occasional pieces that display Parker's distinctive mixture of speed, polish, cruelty and pain. The volume is not a single narrative but a portable career: the brittle lyrics of disappointed love, the dramatic monologues of women waiting for calls or managing humiliation, the social comedies of parties and hotel rooms, the criticism that makes taste sound conversational, and the political pieces that reveal moral seriousness beneath the pose of urban detachment.
The Portable Faulkner is not a single work in the usual sense but an edited map of Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha fiction. Malcolm Cowley arranged stories, novel excerpts, genealogical material and commentary so that readers could see Faulkner's invented county as one continuous historical field.
The Portrait of a Lady follows Isabel Archer, a young American woman brought to Europe by her aunt, Mrs. Touchett, and admired for her intelligence, independence and hunger for experience.
The Power and the Glory is set in an unnamed Mexican state during an anticlerical campaign that has outlawed or driven out Catholic priests. Its central figure is the last active priest in the region, a fugitive known as the whisky priest because of his alcoholism and moral failures.
The Prince is a short treatise in twenty-six chapters that Machiavelli wrote in 1513, shortly after losing his post in the Florentine chancery, and dedicated, in its final form, to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino. In the dedication he offers the Medici what he calls his knowledge of the actions of great men, gained from long experience of modern affairs and continual reading of ancient ones.
The Principles of Psychology is a two-volume, 1,400-page textbook that William James spent twelve years writing for Henry Holt's American Science Series. It sets out to treat psychology as a natural science of mental life, studying feelings, desires, cognitions and decisions together with their bodily conditions, while refusing to reduce the mind to physiology or to dissolve it into atoms of sensation.
Jung's Psychology of Dementia Praecox attempts to make psychotic speech and behavior psychologically intelligible. Working from the Burgholzli clinic, word-association studies, Bleuler's dementia praecox, and Freud's ideas about complexes, Jung argues that seemingly senseless symptoms may express emotionally charged complexes.
The Quiet American is narrated by Thomas Fowler, a weary British journalist in French-controlled Vietnam during the First Indochina War. The novel begins after the death of Alden Pyle, a young American official whose innocence, confidence and political theories have made him dangerous.
The Republic begins with a question that never stays small: what is justice, and is the just life happier than the unjust? Socrates meets Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, Glaucon and Adeimantus in the Piraeus.
The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan is the young Winston Churchill's history of the Anglo-Egyptian campaigns of 1896–1899 that destroyed the Mahdist state in the Sudan. Churchill begins with geography and the Nile, which he presents as the thread on which the whole story hangs, and then with the rebellion of Muhammad Ahmad, a Dongolawi boat-builder's son and Sufi ascetic who proclaimed himself the Mahdi in 1881.
The Rule of St Benedict is a concise manual for forming a stable monastic community. It opens by calling the monastery a school for the Lord’s service and asks what kind of person desires life.
The Satires of Horace and Persius brings together two Roman satiric voices separated by style, temperament and political world. Horace's Sermones, written after the civil wars and during the rise of Augustus, are conversational poems about greed, ambition, social climbing, sexual folly, legacy-hunting, literary quarrels, dinner parties and the art of living within limits.
The Scarlet Letter is set in seventeenth-century Puritan Boston but begins with a nineteenth-century frame, The Custom-House, in which a narrator claims to discover an embroidered letter A and the story of Hester Prynne. Hester appears on the scaffold with her infant Pearl, condemned to wear the scarlet letter for adultery while refusing to name the child's father.
The Secret Garden begins in imperial India, where Mary Lennox is a sickly, spoiled and emotionally neglected child. A cholera outbreak kills her parents and household, and Mary is sent to Misselthwaite Manor in Yorkshire to live with her reclusive uncle Archibald Craven.
The Sickness Unto Death: A Christian Psychological Exposition for Upbuilding and Awakening was published in Copenhagen on 30 July 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus, with Kierkegaard named as editor. ' The introduction argues that for the Christian even death is not the sickness unto death, since there is hope beyond it; the true sickness unto death is despair, a condition in which one cannot die and cannot live, a perpetual dying without end.
Of the Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right is a compact treatise in four books, the only finished part of a larger work on political institutions that Rousseau abandoned. It opens with its most famous sentence, that man is born free and everywhere in chains, and with a promise not to explain how this happened but to say what could make it legitimate.
The Song of Roland transforms a historical rearguard action in Charlemagne's Spanish campaign into a sacred and feudal epic of loyalty, betrayal, martyrdom, and judgment. The plot turns on Ganelon's resentment.
The Symposium is a framed dialogue about eros, memory and ascent. Apollodorus repeats what Aristodemus told him about a banquet at Agathon’s house after the poet’s tragic victory.
The Theban Plays collects Sophocles’ tragedies about Oedipus and his children: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. They were not written as a trilogy, but together they form the most influential family disaster in Western drama.
The trial records of Joan of Arc are not a saint's life in the ordinary devotional sense. They are hostile legal documents that accidentally preserve one of the most vivid medieval voices.
This volume pairs two of Henry James's most intense short fictions about possession, interpretation and moral trespass. The Turn of the Screw is framed as a manuscript read aloud during a country-house gathering.
The Twelve Caesars offers biographies of Julius Caesar and the first eleven Roman emperors from Augustus through Domitian. Suetonius does not write history as Tacitus does, with sustained analysis of institutions and causation.
The Underdogs follows Demetrio Macias, a peasant from Juchipila who joins the Mexican Revolution after conflict with federal soldiers makes ordinary life impossible. At first Demetrio's rebellion is local and personal: he flees with a band of men into the hills, fights effectively and becomes a leader because of courage, terrain knowledge and charisma.
The Vampyre is a brief but enormously influential Gothic tale that turns the vampire from folkloric corpse into a fashionable aristocratic predator. Aubrey, a young gentleman of imagination and moral seriousness, enters London society and becomes fascinated by Lord Ruthven, a mysterious nobleman whose charm is inseparable from coldness.
The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature collects the twenty Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion that William James delivered at the University of Edinburgh in 1901 and 1902. Instead of studying churches, creeds or theology, James studies personal religious experience as a psychologist, drawing on a large collection of first-person documents: diaries, autobiographies, letters and replies to questionnaires.
The Voyage of the Beagle is Darwin's account of his five-year journey around South America, the Pacific, Australia, and the Atlantic aboard HMS Beagle. It is a travel book before it is an evolutionary treatise: Darwin describes landscapes, fossils, earthquakes, volcanoes, coral reefs, animals, plants, Indigenous peoples, imperial violence, slavery, disease, and the practical hardships of field observation.
The Warden is a quiet institutional novel about conscience, reform and the human cost of public righteousness. Septimus Harding is the gentle precentor of Barchester Cathedral and warden of Hiram's Hospital, a charitable almshouse for twelve elderly men.
The Waves follows six speaking consciousnesses from childhood to old age: Bernard, Susan, Rhoda, Neville, Jinny and Louis. A seventh figure, Percival, never speaks directly but becomes the focus of admiration, desire and grief.
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, translated by Haldane and Kemp as The World as Will and Idea, is Arthur Schopenhauer's single, systematic statement of a philosophy that he claimed expressed one thought from four sides. It appeared in December 1818 (dated 1819) in four books with an appendix criticising Kant, and in 1844 he added a second volume of fifty supplementary chapters keyed to the first.
John Adams's Thoughts on Government and selected letters present a founder preoccupied with constitutional balance, civic virtue, law, ambition, and the fragility of republics. Thoughts on Government, written in 1776, argues that new American states should avoid simple unicameral democracy and instead build mixed, balanced institutions with separated powers and independent courts.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None is a philosophical prose-poem in four parts, written in the cadences of Luther's Bible. Its hero borrows the name of the ancient Persian prophet Zoroaster, whom Nietzsche chose because the first moralist should be the one to overturn morality.
Timaeus offers Plato's most elaborate cosmological account, framed by Socrates' wish to see the ideal city in motion and Critias's story of ancient Athens and Atlantis. Timaeus then delivers a likely story about the cosmos, not a demonstration with mathematical certainty.
Travels with My Aunt begins with retired bank manager Henry Pulling attending his mother's funeral. There he meets his formidable Aunt Augusta, who disrupts his suburban routine and suggests that his family history is less settled than he believed.
Treasure Island is narrated mainly by Jim Hawkins, the son of an innkeeper whose ordinary life is transformed when the old pirate Billy Bones comes to the Admiral Benbow inn. Bones brings a sea chest, a map and danger in the form of former shipmates, including Black Dog and the blind beggar Pew.
Troilus and Criseyde retells a story from the Trojan War tradition, but its real subject is erotic psychology under the pressure of fortune, language and time. Troilus, a Trojan prince and son of Priam, initially mocks lovers until he sees Criseyde in the temple and is struck by desire.
Twelfth Night begins with shipwreck, loss, and disguise. Viola believes her brother Sebastian drowned, enters Illyria as Cesario, and serves Duke Orsino, who sends her to woo Olivia.
Twelve Angry Men takes place almost entirely in a jury room after a murder trial. Twelve male jurors must decide whether a young defendant is guilty of killing his father; a guilty verdict will mean death.
Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair is a lyric sequence of erotic longing, memory, landscape and loss. The poems do not tell a plot, but they trace an emotional arc from sensual address to abandonment and despair.
Twilight of the Idols is Nietzsche in compressed diagnostic form. Subtitled How to Philosophize with a Hammer, it tests inherited idols by sounding them for hollowness.
Two Lives of Charlemagne pairs Einhard's Life of Charlemagne with Notker the Stammerer's later anecdotes about the emperor. Einhard writes as a court insider shaped by classical biography, especially Suetonius.
Utilitarianism is a short defence of the ethical theory Mill inherited from Jeremy Bentham and his own father. It was first published in three instalments of Fraser's Magazine in 1861 and as a book in 1863.
Washington Square is a compact novel about an heiress, a suitor and a father whose intelligence becomes a weapon. Catherine Sloper is the plain, shy and dutiful daughter of Dr.
We is presented as the diary or record of D-503, mathematician and builder of the spaceship Integral in the OneState, a glass-walled totalitarian society ruled by the Benefactor. Citizens, called Numbers, live by tables of hours, regulated labor, monitored sex, prescribed walks and transparent architecture.
We Hold These Truths collects John Courtney Murray's essays on the American constitutional experiment, natural law, religious liberty, pluralism, and the conditions of civil conversation. Murray argues that the American order depends on moral truths that public argument must continue to articulate, not merely procedural agreement or private preference.
White Nights is narrated by an unnamed young dreamer in St. Petersburg, a lonely man who lives more intensely in imagination than in social life.
Wuthering Heights is a violent family romance told through layered narration. Mr.
Passages
- 12 Years a Slave, Ch. 2-3
Northup is drugged, imprisoned and beaten when he asserts that he is free.
- 12 Years a Slave, Tibeats episode
Northup is nearly hanged and left in prolonged bodily torment after resisting Tibeats.
- 12 Years a Slave, Epps plantation chapters
Cotton labor, quotas, whippings, hunger and surveillance show slavery as chronic bodily extraction.
- 12 Years a Slave, Patsey chapters
Patsey's sexual exploitation and whipping expose gendered torture and reproductive vulnerability under slavery.
- A Burnt-Out Case, Early chapters (Part 1)
Dr Colin explains to Querry the meaning of a burnt-out case and describes the mutilations left after the disease has run its course.
- A Burnt-Out Case, Throughout
Querry describes his loss of desire, pleasure and belief, a condition he likens to the leper's loss of sensation.
- A Burnt-Out Case, Middle chapters
Colin's routine at the leproserie: dispensing drugs, examining patients, and planning facilities with Querry.
- A Christmas Carol, Stave I
Scrooge attributes Marley's ghost to a disordered stomach, a period theory of apparitions and nightmares.
- A Christmas Carol, Stave III
The Cratchit dinner and Tiny Tim's crutch and frail health; the spirit foresees his death if things remain unaltered.
- A Christmas Carol, Stave III
The allegorical starving children Ignorance and Want under the spirit's robe.
- A Christmas Carol, Stave IV
An unattended corpse stripped of its bed-curtains and shirt; the Cratchits mourn Tiny Tim.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, A Doll's House, Act 1
Nora reveals that Torvald's life was saved by a year in Italy prescribed by doctors, paid for with the secret loan.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, A Doll's House, Act 2
Dr Rank speaks of the inherited disease destroying his spine and of the final examination he is making on himself.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, A Doll's House, Act 3
Rank leaves his visiting card marked with a black cross to announce his approaching death.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, Ghosts, Act 2
Osvald recounts the Paris doctor's verdict that he was born with a worm-eaten constitution, and reveals he carries morphine powders.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, Ghosts, Act 3
Osvald's mental collapse at sunrise; his mother stands with the morphine he made her promise to give him.
- A Doll's House and Other Plays, An Enemy of the People, Acts 1–4
Dr Stockmann's laboratory analysis of the spa water, suppression of his report, and the public meeting that brands him an enemy of the people.
- A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories, Grotesque households
A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes disability, chronic illness, trauma, violence, family care, and the charged symbolism of bodily affliction
- A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories, Violent interruption
A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes disability, chronic illness, trauma, violence, family care, and the charged symbolism of bodily affliction
- A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories, Grace without softness
A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes disability, chronic illness, trauma, violence, family care, and the charged symbolism of bodily affliction
- A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories, Grace without softness
A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes disability, chronic illness, trauma, violence, family care, and the charged symbolism of bodily affliction
- A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, Opening model of neurons
The idealized all-or-none neuron creates a formal bridge between neurophysiology and logic.
- A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, Network examples
The construction of logical functions from neural arrangements anticipates models of cognitive processing.
- A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, Discussion of circular networks
Recurrent circuits provide a formal way to think about memory and persistence of state.
- A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1938 thesis, relay circuit analysis
Boolean logic becomes an electrical design method, a key step toward machines that later model cognitive processes.
- A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948 paper, communication system model
The source-channel-receiver model supplies language later borrowed by neuroscience, psychology, and clinical communication theory.
- A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948 paper, treatment of noise and redundancy
The formal handling of uncertainty and error has clear implications for diagnostic systems and medical decision support.
- A Midsummer Night's Dream, Athens and constraint
A Midsummer Night's Dream gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is early modern psychology: love-melancholy, altered perception, sleep, dreams, and the boundary between enchantment and madness
- A Midsummer Night's Dream, The enchanted wood
A Midsummer Night's Dream gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is early modern psychology: love-melancholy, altered perception, sleep, dreams, and the boundary between enchantment and madness
- A Midsummer Night's Dream, The wedding play
A Midsummer Night's Dream gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is early modern psychology: love-melancholy, altered perception, sleep, dreams, and the boundary between enchantment and madness
- A Midsummer Night's Dream, The wedding play
A Midsummer Night's Dream gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is early modern psychology: love-melancholy, altered perception, sleep, dreams, and the boundary between enchantment and madness
- A Modest Proposal, The statistical mask
A Modest Proposal gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes starvation, infant mortality, public health, reproductive exploitation, and the dehumanizing language of population management
- A Modest Proposal, The cannibal policy
A Modest Proposal gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes starvation, infant mortality, public health, reproductive exploitation, and the dehumanizing language of population management
- A Modest Proposal, Rejected remedies
A Modest Proposal gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes starvation, infant mortality, public health, reproductive exploitation, and the dehumanizing language of population management
- A Modest Proposal, Rejected remedies
A Modest Proposal gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes starvation, infant mortality, public health, reproductive exploitation, and the dehumanizing language of population management
- A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia, Defense of Black caregivers
Allen and Jones describe dangerous care work performed by Black residents during the epidemic.
- A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia, Response to accusations and immunity assumptions
The pamphlet exposes how false medical claims about race shaped risk and blame.
- A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, Part III, Sect. 9–10
Repetition, education and lying give ideas the vivacity of belief; a lively imagination can degenerate into madness when a ferment of the blood and spirits makes fictions indistinguishable from memories.
- A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, Part IV, Sect. 6
Introspective search for the self finds only perceptions; the mind compared to a theatre with no fixed stage; sleep and death as the absence of a perceiving self.
- A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, Part IV, Sect. 7
Hume's despair, dread of error, sense of monstrous isolation and 'heated' brain, followed by recovery through dining, backgammon and conversation; he names his mood a splenetic humour.
- A Treatise of Human Nature, Book II, Part I, Sect. 11; Part II, Sect. 5
Sympathy as the communication of passions between people, including how the opinions of others sustain pride and how feelings reverberate between minds.
- A Treatise of Human Nature, Book II, Part III, Sect. 3–4
Reason as servant of the passions; calm versus violent passions; why strong emotion can override clear knowledge of one's interest.
- A Treatise on Insanity, Introduction and Ch. 1
Pinel frames mental alienation as a medical subject requiring observation, classification, and reform of custodial habits.
- A Treatise on Insanity, Nosology chapters
The divisions of mania, melancholia, dementia, and idiotism show early nineteenth-century diagnostic language before modern mood and psychotic categories.
- A Treatise on Insanity, Treatment chapters
The discussion of regimen, baths, restraint, and moral management captures the therapeutic hopes and limits of asylum reform.
- A View from the Bridge, Act 1 (two-act version)
Eddie's consultation with Alfieri, in which he insists Rodolpho is 'not right' and Alfieri hints at what Eddie feels.
- A View from the Bridge, Act 2 (two-act version), opening
Eddie comes home drunk and kisses both Catherine and Rodolpho.
- Alone in Berlin, Part I, opening
Anna's collapse on hearing of her son's death and Otto's silent, hardening grief.
- Alone in Berlin, Part I
Frau Rosenthal, hounded and robbed, falls to her death from a window.
- Alone in Berlin, Part IV
Interrogation and imprisonment of the Quangels; cyanide capsules offered as a means of choosing death.
- Alone in Berlin, Part IV
Inspector Escherich, broken by what he has done, shoots himself.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section I
Nature warns that excessive abstract study will be punished by pensive melancholy, uncertainty and cold reception, and recommends a mixed life of thought, action and society.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section II
Ideas can approach the vividness of sensations only when the mind is disordered by disease or madness.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section VI
Irregular causes such as rhubarb as a purge and opium as a soporific, used to explain how probability arises from mixed experience.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section VII, Part I
The will's command over body and mind is known only by experience; self-command varies with health, sickness, time of day and fasting; a paralysed limb illustrates our ignorance of the mechanism.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section VIII, Part I
Physicians are not surprised when medicines fail, because they assume hidden causes in the animal economy; Hume uses this to argue for regularity in human conduct.
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section X, Part II and notes
Reported miraculous cures at the tomb of the Abbé Pâris, with physicians and witnesses for and against, including the case of Mademoiselle Thibaut.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. IX, §8
Molyneux's problem: whether a man born blind, newly given sight, could distinguish a globe from a cube without touching them; Locke and Molyneux answer no.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. XI, §12–13
Difference between 'naturals' (intellectual disability) and madmen; delusions such as believing oneself a king or made of glass; partial madness in otherwise sober people.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. XXI
The will determined by present uneasiness; the drunkard who sees his health and estate decaying yet returns to drink.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. XXIII
Opium's colour, taste and soporific or anodyne virtues as powers grounded in hidden primary qualities.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. XXVII
Personal identity through consciousness; cases of forgetting, drunkenness, sleepwalking and alternating consciousness, and their bearing on punishment.
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II, Ch. XXXIII, §7–16
Associations producing antipathies (surfeit of honey), fear of the dark, rumination on injury, aversion to places of illness, unending grief, aversion to a surgeon who cured madness, and context-bound dancing.
- An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Opening chapters on the laws of thought
Boole frames symbolic logic as an inquiry into the operations of the mind, relevant to later computational models of cognition.
- An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Chapters on probability
The treatment of uncertain inference offers a prehistory for formal approaches to judgment, risk, and decision-making.
- As We May Think, Memex description
The proposed desk extends memory by preserving linked trails through documents and records.
- As We May Think, Discussion of associative indexing
Bush's claim about mental association connects technology design to a theory of cognition.
- As We May Think, Opening postwar frame
The redirection of wartime research toward peaceful knowledge raises questions about scientific responsibility.
- Autobiography and Poor Richard's Almanack, Autobiography, moral improvement plan
Franklin's charted virtues resemble an early behavioral self-monitoring program.
- Autobiography and Poor Richard's Almanack, Civic institution passages
Franklin's public projects belong to the history of urban improvement and health infrastructure.
- Beowulf, Heorot under terror
Beowulf gives this tag concrete force through the medical interest lies in battle wounds, grief, aging kingship, and the social care owed to bodies that have been broken in public violence
- Beowulf, The mere and the second fight
Beowulf gives this tag concrete force through the medical interest lies in battle wounds, grief, aging kingship, and the social care owed to bodies that have been broken in public violence
- Beowulf, The dragon and the barrow
Beowulf gives this tag concrete force through the medical interest lies in battle wounds, grief, aging kingship, and the social care owed to bodies that have been broken in public violence
- Beowulf, The dragon and the barrow
Beowulf gives this tag concrete force through the medical interest lies in battle wounds, grief, aging kingship, and the social care owed to bodies that have been broken in public violence
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part One, §§3, 6, 17, 19
Conscious thought steered by instinct and physiology; philosophy as involuntary autobiography; thoughts arriving unbidden; willing as a complex of feelings and commands.
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part Three, §47
The 'religious neurosis' linked to solitude, fasting and sexual abstinence, with speculation about disguised epilepsy and mention of alienists studying the Salvation Army.
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part Three, §62
Religions as protectors of the 'defective, diseased, degenerating'; the passage expresses selectionist views that later eugenic readers exploited.
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part Four, §§68, 154, 156, 157
Memory yielding to pride; health versus pathology of thought; collective insanity; the thought of suicide as consolation through bad nights.
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part Six, §208
Scepticism diagnosed as 'nervous debility' produced by mixing of classes and races, an example of degeneration theory applied to culture.
- Beyond Good and Evil, Part Seven, §225; Part Nine, §270
Defence of great suffering as a discipline; the knowledge and pride of those who have suffered deeply.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Bartleby, middle and end
Bartleby's escalating refusals, his living in the office, removal to the Tombs, refusal to eat and death against the prison wall.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Billy Budd, early chapters
Billy's 'organic hesitancy', a stutter that seizes him under strong emotion.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Billy Budd, after Claggart's death
The surgeon examines Claggart and silently questions Vere's sanity as Vere moves toward a drumhead court.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Billy Budd, after the execution
The purser and the surgeon debate why Billy's body showed no spasm at hanging.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Billy Budd, early chapters on Claggart
The narrator's discussion of Claggart's 'natural depravity', a quasi-clinical portrait of envy and malice.
- Billy Budd and Other Stories, Benito Cereno, closing pages
Don Benito withdraws to a monastery and dies within months, unable to recover from his ordeal.
- Black Beauty, Part I (Birtwick chapters)
Beauty and John ride through the night to fetch Dr White for the gravely ill mistress.
- Black Beauty, Part I (Birtwick chapters)
Joe Green gives the overheated Beauty cold water and no blanket; Beauty falls seriously ill and is treated by the horse doctor and nursed by John.
- Black Beauty, Part II (Earlshall)
The bearing rein's effect on Beauty and Ginger: pain in mouth, neck and windpipe.
- Black Beauty, Part II
Reuben Smith rides drunk, Beauty falls and breaks his knees, Smith is killed; Beauty is left scarred and devalued.
- Black Beauty, Part IV (London)
Jerry Barker falls ill with bronchitis from exposure and must give up cab work.
- Body and Mind, Lecture I
Maudsley argues that mind must be studied through bodily organization and nervous function.
- Body and Mind, Heredity sections
The discussion of inherited predisposition shows Victorian psychiatry moving toward degeneration theory.
- Body and Mind, Responsibility chapters
The legal and moral reflections ask how disease, habit, and brain function alter blame.
- BUtterfield 8, Throughout
Speakeasy drinking, hangovers and the role of alcohol in every social encounter.
- BUtterfield 8, Middle section (flashback)
Account of Gloria's sexual abuse as a girl and its aftermath.
- BUtterfield 8, Final chapters
Gloria's fall from the steamboat and the public reaction to her death.
- Candide: Or Optimism, Ch. 4
Candide finds Pangloss disfigured by syphilis; Pangloss explains the genealogy of the disease and its 'necessity'.
- Candide: Or Optimism, Ch. 5–6
The Lisbon earthquake, the injured Candide, and the auto-da-fé held to prevent further quakes.
- Candide: Or Optimism, Ch. 3
Battle between Bulgars and Abares; heaps of dead and dying, mutilated villagers.
- Candide: Or Optimism, Ch. 22
In Paris Candide falls ill; doctors and others descend on him and his health worsens under their care.
- Candide: Or Optimism, Ch. 19
The enslaved man in Surinam missing a hand and a leg as punishment.
- Cannery Row, Interchapter on the epidemic
Influenza hits the Row; Dora's girls and Doc care for sick families.
- Cannery Row, Chapters on Frankie
Frankie's devotion to Doc, his theft of a clock as a gift and his commitment to an institution.
- Cannery Row, Early chapter (Palace Flophouse)
Horace Abbeville settles his debt with Lee Chong and shoots himself in the building that becomes the Palace Flophouse.
- Cannery Row, La Jolla chapter
Doc finds the body of a drowned girl in the rocks while collecting specimens.
- Cannery Row, First and second parties
Drink fuels both parties, destructively and joyfully.
- Centesimus Annus, Looking back to Rerum Novarum
Centesimus Annus gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is social: work, poverty, family wages, consumerism, and solidarity all shape health before clinical care begins
- Centesimus Annus, 1989 and freedom
Centesimus Annus gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is social: work, poverty, family wages, consumerism, and solidarity all shape health before clinical care begins
- Centesimus Annus, Market, culture, person
Centesimus Annus gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is social: work, poverty, family wages, consumerism, and solidarity all shape health before clinical care begins
- Ceremony, Opening section
Tayo's sleeplessness, nausea and flood of memories; his recollection of the VA hospital ward where he felt himself invisible.
- Ceremony, Flashbacks to the Philippines
The Bataan march, Rocky's wounds and death, and the execution of Japanese prisoners.
- Ceremony, Bar scenes with Harley, Leroy and Emo
Veterans' drinking, boasting and the outbreak of violence; Tayo's attack on Emo.
- Ceremony, Ku'oosh's visit
The elder's traditional ceremony and his recognition that some war sicknesses are beyond it.
- Ceremony, Betonie's hogan, Gallup
Betonie's ceremony, sand painting and teaching that ceremonies must change.
- Characters, The Chatterer
Compulsive, poorly bounded speech becomes a recognizable social burden.
- Characters, The Superstitious Man
Ritual fear and omen-reading govern daily behavior in ways that resemble anxiety without being clinical diagnosis.
- Characters, The Coward
Everyday danger is exaggerated into avoidance, excuses and panic.
- Characters, The Late Learner and related sketches
Socially awkward self-fashioning shows personality as public performance.
- Chess, Dr B.'s narrative (isolation)
Months of solitary confinement in a hotel room with no books, no activity and no human contact beyond interrogation.
- Chess, Dr B.'s narrative (chess against himself)
He splits into a white self and a black self and is consumed by compulsive play, losing sleep and appetite.
- Chess, Dr B.'s narrative (breakdown and release)
He attacks a guard and wakes in hospital; a doctor's diagnosis secures his release from Gestapo custody.
- Chess, Final scene
During the second game against Czentovic, Dr B.'s agitation and confusion return until the narrator stops him.
- City of God, Book 1
Augustine consoles Christians after Rome’s sack and discusses captivity, rape, shame and suicide.
- City of God, Book 1
He argues that bodily violation does not morally stain a person without consent of the will.
- City of God, Books 13–14
Death, flesh, will and disordered desire are traced to the fall.
- City of God, Book 19
Earthly peace is real but fragile, framed against the final peace of God’s city.
- City of God, Book 22
Resurrection raises questions of bodily restoration, wounds, disabilities and identity.
- Civilization and Its Discontents, Ch. I
Romain Rolland's oceanic feeling explained as an infantile ego-feeling persisting alongside the adult ego; pathological states in which the boundary between ego and world becomes uncertain.
- Civilization and Its Discontents, Ch. II
Survey of methods of avoiding suffering: intoxication as the crudest and most effective chemical method, with the danger that it wastes energy; killing the drives as in yoga; sublimation; fantasy; flight into neurosis or psychosis; love; beauty.
- Civilization and Its Discontents, Ch. III
Civilization's protections against disease and nature, including hygiene and cleanliness; technology as prosthetic organs; the footnoted speculation about the control of fire.
- Civilization and Its Discontents, Ch. IV and notes
Restriction of sexual life by civilization; speculation that upright posture and the devaluation of smell led to 'organic repression'.
- Civilization and Its Discontents, Ch. VII–VIII
The super-ego, unconscious guilt, and the 'need for punishment'; melancholia as the clinical picture of a harsh super-ego; the possibility of diagnosing 'communal neuroses'.
- Cold Comfort Farm, Early chapters and passim
Aunt Ada keeps to her room and controls her family through the memory of the woodshed.
- Cold Comfort Farm, Later chapters
Flora arranges for Judith to see a psychoanalyst to cure her fixation on her son.
- Cold Comfort Farm, Mr Mybug's walks with Flora
Mybug reads sexual symbolism into nature, parodying Freudian criticism.
- Cold Comfort Farm, Penultimate chapters
Flora's long conversation with Ada, which ends her self-imposed confinement.
- Common Sense, Rights of Man, The Age of Reason, and The American Crisis, Rights of Man, social welfare proposals
Paine proposes public measures for poverty and old age, anticipating later welfare and public-health arguments.
- Complete Poems, 'Résumé' (Enough Rope)
A catalogue of methods of suicide and their disadvantages, ending in reluctant survival.
- Complete Poems, 'Symptom Recital' (Sunset Gun or Death and Taxes)
A list of complaints of mood, sleep and temper presented as symptoms, revealed as signs of falling in love.
- Complete Poems, Various poems across the collections
Drinking, hangovers and night-time wakefulness as part of the speaker's romantic misery.
- Confessions, Book I.11
As a boy Augustine falls ill with a fever and stomach pains and begs for baptism, which is postponed when he recovers.
- Confessions, Book IV.3
The physician Vindicianus, who crowned Augustine in a poetry contest, warns him against astrology.
- Confessions, Book IV.4–9
Grief at the death of a friend: weeping, hatred of familiar places, weariness of life and fear of death.
- Confessions, Book VI.8
Alypius, dragged to the amphitheatre, opens his eyes and becomes intoxicated by the bloodshed, returning compulsively.
- Confessions, Book VIII.5, 8–12
The chain of habit, the divided will, physical agitation in the garden, and the conversion.
- Confessions, Book IX.2, 4
Chest pain and difficulty breathing support his resignation from teaching; a severe toothache relieved after prayer.
- Confessions, Book IX.8
Monica as a girl falls into a habit of sipping wine from the cellar until rebuked by a servant.
- Confessions, Book IX.10–13
Monica's fever and death at Ostia and Augustine's struggle to restrain his tears.
- Confessions, Book X.8–19
Inquiry into the structure of memory, forgetting and recollection.
- Confessions, Book I
Born 'in a very weakly and infirm state'; his mother's death after childbirth; his aunt's care; the spanking at Bossey and its lasting effect on his sexuality.
- Confessions, Book II
The stolen ribbon and the accusation of Marion, analysed as the work of overwhelming shame.
- Confessions, Book VI
The attack of pounding arteries and tinnitus with permanent partial deafness; insomnia; 'the vapors'; reading anatomy and imagining a polyp of the heart; the journey to the physicians of Montpellier and their waters and whey.
- Confessions, Book VII
Thérèse's confinements with the midwife and the deposit of the children at the Foundling Hospital.
- Confessions, Book VIII
The Vincennes illumination 'approaching a delirium'; congenital bladder defect, nephritic colic, treatment by Morand and Daran, Morand's prognosis of six months to live, and the decision to abandon physicians.
- Confessions, Book XI
The young heir of the Montmorency-Luxembourg family dies of inanition under a physician's severe regimen, against Rousseau's advice.
- Confessions, Books IX–XII
The growing conviction of a plot by Diderot, Grimm, d'Épinay and others, culminating in the narrative of flight and persecution.
- Crime and Punishment, The theory and the murder
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Crime and Punishment, Fever and pursuit
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Crime and Punishment, Confession and exile
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Crime and Punishment, Confession and exile
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Crime and Punishment, Confession and exile
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Crime and Punishment, Confession and exile
Crime and Punishment gives this tag concrete force through this is a major psychiatric novel: fever, delirium, obsession, dissociation, alcoholism, suicide, trauma, and moral injury drive the action
- Critique of Pure Reason, Transcendental Deduction (A 98–130; B 129–169)
Synthesis of apprehension, reproduction and recognition; the unity of apperception as the condition of any coherent experience.
- Critique of Pure Reason, Refutation of Idealism (B 274–279)
Inner experience requires outer objects; representations in dreams and madness are acknowledged but said to derive from earlier real perceptions.
- Critique of Pure Reason, Paralogisms of Pure Reason (A 341–405; B 399–432)
Critique of rational psychology's claims that the soul is a simple, persisting, immaterial substance, including a response to Mendelssohn on the soul's gradual extinction.
- Cybernetics, Chapters on feedback and servomechanisms
Wiener's account of circular control gives a framework for reflexes, motor coordination, tremor, and homeostasis.
- Cybernetics, Discussions of communication and noise
Signal degradation becomes a model for miscommunication within machines, nerves, and social systems.
- Cybernetics, Wartime prediction background
The anti-aircraft context ties theories of cognition and control to the injuries and decisions of modern war.
- Daisy Miller, Part I
Mrs Miller's dyspepsia and her faith in her doctor at home in Schenectady.
- Daisy Miller, Part II (Colosseum scene)
Winterbourne warns Daisy of the danger of the Roman fever from the night air.
- Daisy Miller, Part II (closing pages)
Daisy's illness, the doctor's attendance, her death and burial in the Protestant cemetery.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 1
David's birth attended by the mild Mr Chillip; Aunt Betsey's interrogation of the doctor.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 9
David learns of his mother's death and that of her newborn baby.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 11–12
Ten-year-old David's labour at the warehouse and his sense of shame and abandonment.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 13
David's starving, penniless walk from London to Dover.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 14
Betsey explains that she rescued Mr Dick from an asylum his brother intended for him, and defends his sanity.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 15–16, 25, 39
Mr Wickfield's increasing reliance on port wine and Heep's exploitation of it.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 47
David and Mr Peggotty find Martha by the river, on the brink of drowning herself.
- David Copperfield, Ch. 48–53
Dora's illness and death, and David's grief.
- De Anima, Earlier theories
De Anima gives this tag concrete force through the work matters to medicine because perception, touch, appetite, and bodily organization become the basis for thinking about life and mind
- De Anima, Powers of life
De Anima gives this tag concrete force through the work matters to medicine because perception, touch, appetite, and bodily organization become the basis for thinking about life and mind
- De Anima, Mind and perception
De Anima gives this tag concrete force through the work matters to medicine because perception, touch, appetite, and bodily organization become the basis for thinking about life and mind
- De Materia Medica, Book 4, poppy/opium entries
Poppy juice and opium preparations are described as powerful pain-relieving and sleep-inducing substances with lethal risk.
- De Materia Medica, Book 4, mandrake
Mandrake is presented as a narcotic and surgical/anodyne aid, later surrounded by magical lore.
- De Materia Medica, Book 4, hellebore
Black and white hellebore are purgative drugs associated in ancient medicine with melancholia and madness.
- De Materia Medica, Book 4, henbane and hemlock
Dangerous plants illustrate the thin margin between medicinal sedation and poisoning.
- De Materia Medica, Books 1–5, wine and oils
Medicated wines, oils and resins show drug delivery through everyday substances.
- De Materia Medica, Antidote and poison entries
Descriptions of toxic substances and countermeasures form an early practical toxicology.
- De Regno, Why rule is needed
De Regno gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is analogical: tyranny appears as a disorder of the body politic, and prudent rule resembles care ordered toward communal health
- De Regno, Kingship and tyranny
De Regno gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is analogical: tyranny appears as a disorder of the body politic, and prudent rule resembles care ordered toward communal health
- Death Comes for the Archbishop, Appointment and arrival
Death Comes for the Archbishop gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes travel hardship, hunger, fever, aging, deathbed care, and the bodily cost of missionary life in an arid landscape
- Death Comes for the Archbishop, Mission and encounter
Death Comes for the Archbishop gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes travel hardship, hunger, fever, aging, deathbed care, and the bodily cost of missionary life in an arid landscape
- Death Comes for the Archbishop, Memory and death
Death Comes for the Archbishop gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes travel hardship, hunger, fever, aging, deathbed care, and the bodily cost of missionary life in an arid landscape
- Death Comes for the Archbishop, Memory and death
Death Comes for the Archbishop gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes travel hardship, hunger, fever, aging, deathbed care, and the bodily cost of missionary life in an arid landscape
- Death of a Salesman, Act One, opening
Willy returns home unable to drive, describing how his mind drifted and he nearly went off the road.
- Death of a Salesman, Act One, memory scenes
Willy talks aloud to people from the past, including his dead brother Ben, while others watch.
- Death of a Salesman, Act One, Linda's speech to her sons
Linda reveals Willy's deliberate car crashes and the rubber hose she found by the gas pipe.
- Death of a Salesman, Act Two, the firing and Charley's office
Willy is fired after decades and remarks that he is worth more dead than alive.
- Death of a Salesman, Act Two, final scenes and Requiem
Willy plans his death for the insurance; the funeral and Linda's inability to cry.
- Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, Opening conceptual chapters
Bleuler revises dementia praecox and introduces schizophrenia as a group concept.
- Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, Fundamental symptoms
Association, affect, ambivalence, and autism become organizing signs for the diagnosis.
- Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, Course and prognosis
Bleuler resists the idea that all cases end in inevitable dementia.
- Democracy in America, Volume II, individualism and restlessness
Democratic equality is linked to anxiety, ambition, isolation, and private withdrawal.
- Democracy in America, Prison-study background and institutional observations
The journey began with penal reform, connecting democracy to institutions of discipline and moral management.
- Description of the Retreat, Chs. 2-3
The institutional description makes architecture, air, garden access, and household order central to care.
- Description of the Retreat, Treatment chapters
Moral treatment is presented as calm authority, respect, occupation, and minimized restraint.
- Description of the Retreat, Case statements
The case material records mania, melancholy, relapse, recovery, and chronic illness in early asylum language.
- Destruction and Creation and the OODA Loop Briefings, Destruction and Creation
The argument about breaking and rebuilding concepts is relevant to cognitive flexibility under uncertainty.
- Destruction and Creation and the OODA Loop Briefings, OODA loop briefings
Observation, orientation, decision, and action model adaptive response under pressure and conflict.
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Part 1
Cleanthes says the sceptic's 'philosophical melancholy' dissipates on contact with external objects and passions.
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Part 10
Demea quotes Milton's lazar-house (stone, ulcer, colic, frenzy, melancholy, madness, atrophy, marasmus, pestilence) and catalogues disorders of the mind; a hospital full of diseases as a specimen of the world's ills.
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Part 10
Philo on why the miserable remain alive: terrified, not bribed, to continue existing; the man of delicate temper as more sensitive and therefore more unhappy.
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Part 10
Gratuitous pains of gout, gravel, migraine, toothache and rheumatism, and spleen, melancholy and superstition as pains of the mind.
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Part 11
Four circumstances behind natural evil: pain as motive, general laws, frugal endowment of animals, inaccurate workmanship of nature (including excess or deficiency of humours and disease).
- Dignitatis Humanae, Human dignity
Dignitatis Humanae gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance is bioethical and institutional: conscience, coercion, dignity, and religious liberty matter in hospitals and public health policy
- Dignitatis Humanae, Civil order
Dignitatis Humanae gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance is bioethical and institutional: conscience, coercion, dignity, and religious liberty matter in hospitals and public health policy
- Discourse on Method, Part IV
Methodical doubt including the possibility that waking experience is a dream; the conclusion that the thinking self is distinct from the body.
- Discourse on Method, Part V
Detailed mechanical account of cardiac motion, valves and auricles, explained by heat rarefying the blood, with an invitation to dissect the heart of a large animal.
- Discourse on Method, Part V
Harvey credited with circulation; evidence from surgeons who tie the arm above the vein they open in bloodletting.
- Discourse on Method, Part V
Animal spirits, nerves, muscles and the brain explained mechanically; animals as automata; speech and reason as signs of a rational soul, with remarks on deaf people's sign language.
- Discourse on Method, Part VI
Health as the first good; the mind's dependence on bodily organs; hope that medicine could cure diseases of body and mind and the debility of age.
- Don Quixote, Part I, Ch. 1
Little sleep and much reading dry Alonso Quixano's brain until he loses his wits.
- Don Quixote, Part I, Ch. 8
The windmills taken for giants, the most famous image of delusion in literature.
- Don Quixote, Part I, Ch. 17
Don Quixote brews and drinks the balsam of Fierabras; he and Sancho are violently sick.
- Don Quixote, Part II, Ch. 22–23
Descent into the Cave of Montesinos and Quixote's report of dream-like visions.
- Don Quixote, Part II, Ch. 47
As governor of Barataria, Sancho is denied his meals by the physician Pedro Recio de Agüero.
- Don Quixote, Part II, Ch. 74
Don Quixote falls into a fever, sleeps, wakes sane, renounces chivalry and dies.
- Dracula, Ch. 5–6, 8–9 (Seward's diary)
Seward's observations of Renfield: flies, spiders, sparrows, and his classification as a zoophagous maniac; Renfield's escape attempts toward Carfax.
- Dracula, Ch. 8 (Seward's diary)
Sleepless and dejected, Seward considers taking chloral hydrate and resolves not to let it become a habit.
- Dracula, Ch. 6–8 (Mina's journal)
Lucy's sleepwalking in Whitby and the night Mina finds her on the churchyard bench.
- Dracula, Ch. 8–9
Sister Agatha writes from Budapest that Jonathan has been suffering from a violent brain fever.
- Dracula, Ch. 10–12
Van Helsing performs successive blood transfusions on Lucy from Arthur, Seward, himself and Quincey, and treats her with garlic and opiates.
- Dracula, Ch. 14
Van Helsing invokes Charcot and hypnotism to persuade Seward to open his mind to the inexplicable.
- Dracula, Ch. 21
Renfield is found with a broken back and depressed skull fracture; Van Helsing operates (trephining) to relieve pressure so that he can speak before he dies.
- Dracula, Ch. 23–26
Van Helsing hypnotises Mina at sunrise and sunset to track Dracula through her psychic link.
- Dracula, Ch. 25
Mina and Van Helsing describe Dracula as a criminal type in the terms of Nordau and Lombroso.
- Early Black Church Sermons and Addresses, Abolition and emancipation sermons
Preachers interpret slavery and racial violence as wounds requiring public repentance, endurance, and liberation.
- Early Black Church Sermons and Addresses, Addresses on education, temperance, and mutual aid
Institutional care appears as a response to excluded and endangered bodies.
- Early Christian Lives, Life of Antony, early renunciation
Antony sells possessions and begins bodily discipline through solitude, fasting and prayer.
- Early Christian Lives, Life of Antony, tomb and fortress episodes
Demonic assaults, terrifying visions and endurance under attack structure ascetic combat.
- Early Christian Lives, Life of Antony, visitors and healings
Antony counsels, consoles and participates in healing while resisting fame.
- Early Christian Lives, Jerome, Life of Hilarion
Fasting, travel, miracles and demonic confrontations define the holy man’s authority.
- Early Christian Lives, Jerome, Life of Malchus
Sexual danger, chastity and captivity are narrated as tests of ascetic identity.
- Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers, Didache 1–8
The Two Ways, fasting and baptism show bodily practice as moral formation.
- Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers, Ignatius, Letter to the Romans
Ignatius frames his coming death in bodily and sacrificial language.
- Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers, Martyrdom of Polycarp
Polycarp’s death is narrated as witness, endurance and communal memory.
- Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers, Shepherd of Hermas, Visions
Visionary encounters call the church to repentance and moral repair.
- Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers, 1 Clement
Conflict in Corinth is treated through humility, order and restoration of communal health.
- Early Franciscan Sources, Life of St. Francis, Ch. XVII
The stigmata at La Verna are the major medieval case of sanctity written onto the body.
- Early Franciscan Sources, Life of St. Francis, Ch. XIX
Doctors use cautery for Francis's eye disease, providing a vivid premodern treatment scene.
- Early Franciscan Sources, Canticle of the Sun
Praise of bodily death gives end-of-life suffering a devotional vocabulary.
- Early Franciscan Sources, Death narratives
Francis's final weakness, song, and ritual gestures make dying a communal and liturgical event.
- East of Eden, Part One (Cathy's early chapters)
The narrator's reflections on Cathy as a 'monster' born without conscience, and her killing of her parents.
- East of Eden, Part Two
Samuel Hamilton and Lee deliver Cathy's twins; Cathy shoots Adam and leaves.
- East of Eden, Part Two
Kate poisons the brothel-keeper Faye gradually with medicines.
- East of Eden, Parts Two–Three
Adam's prolonged numbness and neglect of his sons until Samuel confronts him.
- East of Eden, Part Four
Kate, suffering from arthritis and fearing exposure, takes poison.
- East of Eden, Part Four (final chapters)
News of Aron's death in France; Adam's stroke and deathbed blessing.
- Ecce Homo, Wise and clever chapters
Nietzsche links diet, climate, illness, recovery, and intellectual style.
- Ecce Homo, Book retrospectives
Earlier works are recast as stages in a self-therapy and transvaluation.
- Ecce Homo, Final chapter
The performance of destiny invites but also resists retrospective psychiatric diagnosis.
- Effi Briest, Kessin chapters (Ch. 8–20)
Effi's night fears of the Chinese ghost and Innstetten's ambiguous refusal to reassure her.
- Effi Briest, Kessin chapters
Friendship with the hunchbacked apothecary Gieshübler.
- Effi Briest, Berlin chapters (c. Ch. 23–24)
Effi feigns illness and Dr Rummschüttel, seeing through it, prescribes accordingly.
- Effi Briest, Final chapters (c. Ch. 33–36)
Effi's decline after Annie's visit, Rummschüttel's letter to her parents, and her death at Hohen-Cremmen.
- Enneads, Porphyry's arrangement
Enneads gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance is indirect but real: passions, embodiment, purification, attention, and the divided self make philosophy a therapy of perception
- Enneads, Soul and embodiment
Enneads gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance is indirect but real: passions, embodiment, purification, attention, and the divided self make philosophy a therapy of perception
- Enneads, Return and contemplation
Enneads gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance is indirect but real: passions, embodiment, purification, attention, and the divided self make philosophy a therapy of perception
- Essays, Consolation to his Wife
Plutarch's letter on the death of their two-year-old daughter, urging moderated mourning and describing his wife's composure.
- Essays, On Superstition (Moralia)
Superstition analysed as fear that gives no rest, intruding into sleep and dreams, worse than atheism.
- Essays, On Tranquillity of Mind
Techniques for contentment: reframing misfortune, comparing oneself with others, and cultivating gratitude for past goods.
- Essays, Advice about Keeping Well (Moralia; may not be in this selection)
A dialogue of health advice on diet, exercise and moderation, especially for intellectual workers.
- Essays, On Socrates' Personal Deity
Speculation on how Socrates' inner divine sign communicated with him, a classical discussion of voices and inner signs.
- Essays, Book I, Ch. XIX (Cotton), 'That to study philosophy is to learn to die'
Stoic and Epicurean arguments for habitual meditation on death as a cure for fear of it.
- Essays, Book I, Ch. XX, 'Of the Force of Imagination'
Sympathetic coughs and fevers, impotence induced and cured by belief, the merchant who responds to a mimed clyster, and other cases of suggestion acting on the body.
- Essays, Book I, Ch. XXVII, 'Of Friendship'
Memorial to La Boétie, whose death leaves Montaigne describing himself as only half a person.
- Essays, Book II, Ch. III, 'A Custom of the Isle of Cea'
Survey of classical and biblical cases of voluntary death and the arguments for and against it, including unbearable pain as a justification.
- Essays, Book II, Ch. XII, 'Apology for Raymond Sebond'
Sceptical attack on the reliability of the senses and of reason, with frequent appeal to illness, fever and madness as states that alter perception.
- Essays, Book II, Ch. XXXVII, 'Of the Resemblance of Children to Their Fathers'
First-person account of kidney stone attacks, speculation on hereditary transmission from his father, and a long critique of physicians' contradictions and fees.
- Essays, Book III, Ch. V, 'Upon Some Verses of Virgil'
Candid reflection on ageing, waning sexual vigour and the body's decline.
- Essays, Book III, Ch. XII, 'Of Physiognomy'
Montaigne and his household flee plague and civil war; he admires how ordinary people meet death without philosophy.
- Essays, Book III, Ch. XIII, 'Of Experience'
Detailed personal regimen (sleep, diet, habits) and colic attacks, with the argument that long experience of one's own body outranks medical rules.
- Essays, Essay I, Of Truth
Illusions and flattering hopes as supports of morale; without them minds would be 'full of melancholy and indisposition'.
- Essays, Essay II, Of Death
Fear of death compared to children's fear of the dark; the deathbed's groans and convulsions; passions that overcome the fear of dying; death as natural as birth.
- Essays, Essay XXVII, Of Friendship
Friendship as the remedy for 'stoppings and suffocations' of the heart; contemporary remedies for liver, spleen, lungs and brain; those without friends as cannibals of their own hearts; a physician unacquainted with the patient's body may cure the disease and kill the patient.
- Essays, Essay XXX, Of Regiment of Health
Self-observation as physic, gradual change, Celsus's alternation of fasting and full eating, waking and sleep; passions to avoid; choosing a physician of middle temper.
- Essays, Essay XXXI, Of Suspicion
Suspicions as defects 'not in the heart, but in the brain' that dispose wise men to irresolution and melancholy, remedied by learning more.
- Essays, Essays XLII–XLIV, Of Youth and Age, Of Beauty, Of Deformity
Stages of life and bodily appearance as influences on character; deformity as a spur to boldness and ambition.
- Essays, Essay L, Of Studies
Exercises for bodily ills (bowling for the stone, walking for the stomach) as a model for studies prescribed for defects of the mind.
- Essays and Aphorisms, Parerga II, 'On Suicide' (in the Hollingdale selection)
Rejection of religious and legal condemnation of suicide, mockery of clerical arguments, and the metaphysical claim that suicide fails to deny the will.
- Essays and Aphorisms, Parerga II, 'On the Suffering of the World' and 'On the Vanity of Existence' (in the Hollingdale selection)
Pain as positive and pleasure as negative; boredom; life as a debt repaid at death.
- Essays and Aphorisms, Parerga II, 'On Noise' (in the Hollingdale selection)
Schopenhauer's complaint that noise, especially the cracking of whips, interrupts and destroys thought.
- Essays and Aphorisms, On Human Nature, 'Human Nature' (stored text)
Egoism, malice and the pleasure of anger and hatred; cruelty as the embittered will's attempt to relieve its own torment; Schadenfreude and envy as opposites of pity.
- Essays and Aphorisms, On Human Nature, 'Government', 'Free-will and Fatalism' and 'Character' (stored text)
Character inherited from the father, innate and unalterable; intellectual differences grounded in brain and nervous system.
- Essays and Aphorisms, On Human Nature, 'Ethical Reflections' (stored text)
Two moods toward misery: suffering felt in oneself, which intensifies the will until resignation, and suffering seen in others, which produces sympathy.
- Ethics, Part I, Appendix
Critique of teleology, including the observation that people marvel at the structure of the human body and attribute it to divine art because they do not know its causes.
- Ethics, Part II, Props. XI–XIII and Note
The mind as idea of the body; the more a body is capable of many actions, the more its mind is capable of many perceptions.
- Ethics, Part III, Preface and Props. VI–XI
Programme of studying emotions naturalistically; conatus and the primary affects of desire, pleasure and pain.
- Ethics, Part III, Prop. XXVI, Note
Pride described as a species of madness in which a man dreams with his eyes open, imagining he can accomplish all things.
- Ethics, Part IV, Prop. XX, Note
No one refuses food or kills himself from the necessity of his own nature; Seneca's forced suicide and hidden external causes are discussed.
- Ethics, Part IV, Prop. XXXIX, Note
Death defined as a change in the body's proportion of motion and rest; the Spanish poet who after illness forgot his own works.
- Ethics, Part IV, Props. XLI–XLIV and Notes
Pleasure and pain evaluated by their bodily effects; mirth always good, melancholy always bad, localized stimulation and love capable of excess; fixed ideas as madness.
- Ethics, Part V, Props. I–XX
Remedies for the passions: clear ideas, recognition of necessity, arrangement of mental images, and directing the mind to many causes at once.
- Evangelium Vitae, Threats to life
Evangelium Vitae gives this tag concrete force through this is one of the batch's most explicit medical-ethics texts, addressing abortion, euthanasia, suffering, conscience, and care for the vulnerable
- Evangelium Vitae, Gospel and dignity
Evangelium Vitae gives this tag concrete force through this is one of the batch's most explicit medical-ethics texts, addressing abortion, euthanasia, suffering, conscience, and care for the vulnerable
- Evangelium Vitae, Medicine and law
Evangelium Vitae gives this tag concrete force through this is one of the batch's most explicit medical-ethics texts, addressing abortion, euthanasia, suffering, conscience, and care for the vulnerable
- Evangelium Vitae, Medicine and law
Evangelium Vitae gives this tag concrete force through this is one of the batch's most explicit medical-ethics texts, addressing abortion, euthanasia, suffering, conscience, and care for the vulnerable
- Evangelium Vitae, Medicine and law
Evangelium Vitae gives this tag concrete force through this is one of the batch's most explicit medical-ethics texts, addressing abortion, euthanasia, suffering, conscience, and care for the vulnerable
- Farewell Address and Selected Letters, Revolutionary War letters on army health
Camp disease, supply shortages, and inoculation decisions show public health as military necessity.
- Farewell Address and Selected Letters, Final illness correspondence and accounts
Washington's death after severe throat illness and bloodletting reflects eighteenth-century medical practice.
- Fathers and Sons, Ch. 3–5
Bazarov collects and dissects frogs at Maryino to study physiology.
- Fathers and Sons, Ch. 20–21
Vassily Ivanovich's old-fashioned country practice and his pride in his son's modern medical training.
- Fathers and Sons, Ch. 24
After the duel, Bazarov examines and bandages Pavel's leg wound.
- Fathers and Sons, Ch. 27
Bazarov cuts himself during a post-mortem on a typhus victim; he describes his symptoms clinically, accepts his death and sends for Odintsova.
- Fathers and Sons, Ch. 28
Bazarov's old parents visit his grave.
- Fear and Trembling, Tuning Up (Exordium/Attunement)
Four retellings of the journey to Moriah, each followed by an image of a mother weaning her child by blackening her breast.
- Fear and Trembling, Speech in Praise of Abraham
Abraham's long waiting for a child in old age and the three-day ride to Moriah described as an ordeal of expectation and dread.
- Fear and Trembling, Preamble from the Heart
The lad who renounces the princess and transforms lost love into eternal remembrance, a model of resignation set beside grief.
- Fear and Trembling, Problema III
Studies of concealment, the demonic, and the relief or impossibility of disclosure, including the merman's repentance and Sarah of Tobit's dread on her wedding night.
- Fides et Ratio, The two wings
Fides et Ratio gives this tag concrete force through the medical relevance is in bioethics and anthropology: a reduced account of reason weakens the defense of dignity, conscience, and persons
- Fides et Ratio, Modern fragmentation
Fides et Ratio gives this tag concrete force through the medical relevance is in bioethics and anthropology: a reduced account of reason weakens the defense of dignity, conscience, and persons
- First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, Opening functional description
The comparison of machine parts to organs provides a historically important bridge between engineering and bodily metaphor.
- First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, Memory and control sections
The treatment of memory and orders anticipates later clinical and cognitive uses of computational language.
- Fragments, DK 117–118
The drunk man with a moist soul led by a boy; the dry soul as wisest.
- Fragments, DK 58
Physicians who cut and burn the sick and demand a fee, given as an example of good and ill being one.
- Fragments, DK 111
Sickness makes health pleasant and good, hunger satiety, weariness rest.
- Fragments, DK 21, 26, 75, 89
Fragments on sleep, death and waking; sleepers each turn into a private world.
- Fragments, Diogenes Laertius, Lives IX.3–4 (ancient testimony)
Account of Heraclitus's dropsy, his riddle to the physicians and his attempt to cure himself with dung.
- Frankenstein, Vol. I, Ch. I–II (1818) / Ch. 2–3 (1831)
Victor's youthful reading of Agrippa, Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus; his mother dies of scarlet fever caught while nursing Elizabeth.
- Frankenstein, Vol. I, Ch. III (1818) / Ch. 4 (1831)
Studies in anatomy and decay; gathering materials from charnel houses, dissecting rooms and slaughterhouses; secretive, sleepless labour that damages his health.
- Frankenstein, Vol. I, Ch. IV (1818) / Ch. 5 (1831)
Animation of the creature, Victor's nightmare of Elizabeth turning into his mother's corpse, flight, and months-long nervous fever nursed by Clerval.
- Frankenstein, Vol. II, Ch. I (1818) / Ch. 9 (1831)
After Justine's execution, Victor's despondency, sleeplessness and thoughts of drowning himself in the lake.
- Frankenstein, Vol. III, Ch. IV (1818) / Ch. 21 (1831)
Imprisoned in Ireland after Clerval's death, Victor suffers prolonged fever and delirium; on the voyage home he relies on laudanum to sleep.
- Frankenstein, Vol. III, Ch. VII (1818) / Ch. 23–24 (1831)
Alphonse Frankenstein dies of grief; Victor is confined for months as a madman before beginning his pursuit.
- Galen: Selected Works, On the Natural Faculties, Book 1
Galen argues that organs possess faculties such as attraction, retention and expulsion, grounding physiology in active powers.
- Galen: Selected Works, On the Natural Faculties, Books 2–3
Digestion, nutrition and bodily transformation are explained as ordered natural processes rather than chance.
- Galen: Selected Works, On the Passions and Errors of the Soul
Galen treats anger, error, self-knowledge and moral training as matters with therapeutic significance.
- Galen: Selected Works, Anatomical Procedure traditions
Animal dissection and vivisection traditions support claims about nerves, organs and bodily function.
- Galen: Selected Works, Therapeutic and pharmacological works
Compound remedies, theriac and poppy/opium preparations belong to Galen’s drug tradition.
- Galen: Selected Works, Commentaries on Hippocratic aphorisms
Galen’s discussions of melancholia, mania and phrenitis transmit Hippocratic categories through humoral explanation.
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, First Section (examples of acting from duty)
The person who preserves life without loving it after hopeless sorrow, and the philanthropist whose own grief has extinguished sympathy.
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, First Section (happiness as indirect duty)
The gouty patient who prefers present pleasure to doubtful future health, showing how indefinite the concept of happiness is.
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Second Section (imperatives of skill)
The physician's precepts for healing and the poisoner's for killing are equally valid as technical rules; morality must come from elsewhere.
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Second Section (first example under the universal law of nature)
A man wearied of life asks whether suicide from self-love could be a universal law and concludes it could not.
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Second Section (formula of humanity, duties to oneself)
One may not mutilate, damage or kill oneself; Kant defers the question of amputating limbs to preserve life to a future ethics.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part I, Ch. 1
Gulliver's training as a surgeon and apprenticeship under a London surgeon before going to sea.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part II, Ch. 1 and 4
Magnified bodies: the nurse's breast, and beggars with a breast cancer, a monstrous wen and lice.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part III, Ch. 5
A Lagado physician treats colic by inflating the patient with bellows.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part III, Ch. 6
Political projectors propose physicians to diagnose senators and a surgical swap of half-brains between party leaders.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part III, Ch. 10
The Struldbrugs: immortal, decrepit, forgetful and legally dead at eighty.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part IV, Ch. 6
Gulliver explains European physicians, purges, clysters and the habit of foretelling death to save reputation.
- Gulliver's Travels, Part IV, Ch. 11–12
Gulliver's return home, his revulsion at his family and his daily conversations with his horses.
- Heart of Darkness, Part I (the Company office)
The doctor measures Marlow's cranium, asks whether there is madness in his family and notes that he never sees those who go out return.
- Heart of Darkness, Part I (Outer Station)
The grove of death where sick, starving African labourers lie dying in the shade.
- Heart of Darkness, Part I (Central Station)
The manager's only qualification: he is never ill, in a place where Europeans die of fever.
- Heart of Darkness, Part II (the attack)
The helmsman is speared and dies on the deck, his blood filling Marlow's shoes.
- Heart of Darkness, Part III
Kurtz's emaciation and illness, his midnight crawl toward the forest, and his death.
- Heart of Darkness, Part III (the return)
Marlow wrestles with death in a long fever and returns to Europe irritable and estranged.
- Hippocratic Writings, On the Sacred Disease 1–2
The writer rejects divine special status for epilepsy and argues that it has a natural cause like other diseases.
- Hippocratic Writings, On the Sacred Disease 14–17
The brain is presented as the organ through which people think, perceive, rejoice, grieve, become mad and suffer terrors.
- Hippocratic Writings, Epidemics, Books 1 and 3
Case notes track fever, delirium, sleep, stools, urine, crisis days and death or recovery across seasons.
- Hippocratic Writings, Aphorisms, Book 6
Aphoristic remarks classify melancholic and phrenitic states within bodily illness and prognosis.
- Hippocratic Writings, On Fractures and On Joints
Manuals give practical instructions for traction, splints and bandages in injuries and dislocations.
- Hippocratic Writings, The Oath
The physician promises restraint with deadly drugs, confidentiality and disciplined conduct in the houses of patients.
- Homilies on the Gospel of John, Homilies on the man born blind
Blindness becomes a layered figure for perception, ignorance, healing, and confession.
- Homilies on the Gospel of John, Homilies on Lazarus
Death and resurrection supply Augustine with a pastoral language for grief, sin, and renewed life.
- Homilies on the Statues, Opening homilies after the riot
The citywide dread of imperial punishment offers a case study in mass anxiety and pastoral containment.
- Homilies on the Statues, Homilies against oaths and blasphemy
Chrysostom describes habitual sins as diseases to be treated through practice and discipline.
- Humboldt's Gift, Early sections (Charlie's memories)
Humboldt's torrential talk, grand plans and sleepless energy in the 1940s and 1950s.
- Humboldt's Gift, Middle sections
Humboldt's paranoid accusations, violence toward his wife, use of drink and pills, and commitment to Bellevue.
- Humboldt's Gift, Middle sections
Humboldt's death alone in a Times Square hotel, and Charlie's memory of avoiding him shortly before.
- Humboldt's Gift, Final section
Reburial of Humboldt and his mother.
- I Am Prepared to Die, Dock statement, autobiographical and strategic sections
Mandela frames resistance under conditions of surveillance, repression, and danger.
- I Am Prepared to Die, Closing democratic ideal
The willingness to face death is presented as disciplined commitment rather than despair.
- Instructions for His Generals, Opening articles on the Prussian troops
Measures to prevent desertion, revealing the coercive conditions and low morale of many soldiers.
- Instructions for His Generals, Articles on subsistence and sutlers
Bread supply, field bakeries and the regulated sale of beer and brandy to troops.
- Instructions for His Generals, Articles on camps
Choice of camp sites for water, wood and defensibility, and arrangements that also bear on sanitation and the health of an army at rest.
- Instructions for His Generals, Articles on battle and on winter campaigns
Losses in attack, the case for short wars, and the strain of winter operations on men and horses.
- Jewish Antiquities, Books 3-4, Mosaic legislation
Josephus summarizes laws about purity, childbirth, skin disease, bodily emissions and priestly inspection, translating ritual categories for Greek readers.
- Jewish Antiquities, Book 7, famine traditions
Famine in biblical history is treated as social crisis and divine judgment, linking hunger, public order and survival.
- Jewish Antiquities, Book 15, Herodian family violence
Herod's household murders and suspicions are narrated as political pathology, a non-clinical portrait of fear, rage and moral disorder.
- Jewish Antiquities, Book 17, Herod's final illness
Herod's last disease includes severe pain, feverish decline, abdominal and genital symptoms, physicians and desperate therapies before death.
- Jewish Antiquities, Book 19, Agrippa I's death
The sudden illness and death of Agrippa I are framed as divine judgment, showing how acute disease becomes political theology.
- Jewish Antiquities, Book 20, late provincial unrest
Crowding, executions, famine relief and social disorder in the later books reveal the bodily cost of unstable governance.
- King Lear, The love test
King Lear gives this tag concrete force through lear is central for psychiatry and aging: cognitive vulnerability, rage, delirium, homelessness, trauma, blindness, caregiving, and unbearable grief
- King Lear, The heath
King Lear gives this tag concrete force through lear is central for psychiatry and aging: cognitive vulnerability, rage, delirium, homelessness, trauma, blindness, caregiving, and unbearable grief
- King Lear, Recognition and loss
King Lear gives this tag concrete force through lear is central for psychiatry and aging: cognitive vulnerability, rage, delirium, homelessness, trauma, blindness, caregiving, and unbearable grief
- King Lear, Recognition and loss
King Lear gives this tag concrete force through lear is central for psychiatry and aging: cognitive vulnerability, rage, delirium, homelessness, trauma, blindness, caregiving, and unbearable grief
- King Lear, Recognition and loss
King Lear gives this tag concrete force through lear is central for psychiatry and aging: cognitive vulnerability, rage, delirium, homelessness, trauma, blindness, caregiving, and unbearable grief
- Kokoro, Part One
Sensei's monthly visits to K's grave and his gloomy reflections on human nature.
- Kokoro, Part Two
The father's slow decline from kidney disease, the doctor's visits and the family's vigil.
- Kokoro, Part Two
News of the Meiji emperor's death and General Nogi's suicide reaches the household.
- Kokoro, Part Three
K's suicide in his room and Sensei's discovery of the body and the note.
- Kokoro, Part Three (end)
Sensei's account of his long guilt and his resolve to die.
- Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry, Clinical demonstrations
Kraepelin models diagnosis as observation of patient presentation joined to disease course and prognosis.
- Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry, Manic-depressive lectures
Recurring excitement and depression are grouped by course rather than isolated symptoms.
- Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry, Dementia praecox lectures
Psychotic symptoms are interpreted through deterioration, age of onset, and expected outcome.
- Lectures on Revivals of Religion, Lectures on means and measures
Finney's claim that revival follows proper means frames conversion as something structured environments can promote.
- Lectures on Revivals of Religion, Lectures on anxious sinners
The handling of conviction and distress illustrates the deliberate intensification of spiritual anxiety.
- Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, Neurological lectures
The lectures use clinical signs, lesion localization, and pathology to classify disorders of movement and sensation.
- Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, Hysteria material
Charcot treats hysteria as a neurological and clinical problem, not simply a moral failing or fraud.
- Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, Seizure and convulsion discussions
The comparison of hysterical attack, epilepsy, and other convulsive states shows nineteenth-century diagnostic sorting.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, Early letters to parents, April–May 1943
The first days of isolation in Tegel, physical conditions of the cell, and his deliberate adoption of routine.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, Letters to Bethge, late November 1943
Heavy air raids on Berlin; prisoners screaming in locked cells, Bonhoeffer assisting in the sick bay, and his reflections on fear.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, Letters on time, waiting and longing (winter 1943–1944)
Reflections on the experience of time in prison, homesickness, and the danger of letting longing become despair.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, Poem 'Who Am I?' (summer 1944)
Contrast between the composed figure others see and the restless, sick, caged inner self.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, Letters of 30 April, 8 June and 16 July 1944
Critique of religion as a deus ex machina at the limits of human knowledge and strength, with implications for faith at the sickbed.
- Letters and Papers from Prison, 'Stations on the Way to Freedom' (after 20 July 1944) and 'By Gracious Powers' (December 1944)
Death imagined as the last station of freedom; a poem of trust written for his family at Christmas in the Gestapo prison.
- Letters from a Stoic, Letter 1
Time is treated as the one possession that must be reclaimed before life slips away.
- Letters from a Stoic, Letters 24 and 26
Death should be contemplated in advance so it loses its power to terrify.
- Letters from a Stoic, Letter 54
Seneca describes severe breathing attacks and his mental response to bodily crisis.
- Letters from a Stoic, Letter 63
Grief for a friend is acknowledged but disciplined within Stoic limits.
- Letters from a Stoic, Letters 70 and 77
Suicide and voluntary death are discussed as questions of freedom, endurance and circumstance.
- Letters of Napoleon, Letters to Joséphine, Italian campaign (spring–autumn 1796)
Repeated complaints of sleeplessness, fevered longing and jealousy as he campaigns; Joséphine's illness and delay in joining him.
- Letters of Napoleon, Letters and orders from Egypt and Syria (1798–1799)
Plague in the Army of the Orient, quarantine measures, and the siege of Acre; context for the disputed Jaffa opium episode.
- Letters of Napoleon, Imperial correspondence on conscription and supply (1805–1809)
Orders on bread, boots, hospitals and conscripts that treat the army's health as a matter of administration.
- Letters of Napoleon, Russian campaign letters and bulletins (1812)
Reports from Moscow and the retreat that understate losses to cold, hunger and disease.
- Letters of Napoleon, St Helena correspondence and will (1815–1821)
Complaints about climate and confinement, failing health, and the will's request that his body be examined after death.
- Leviathan, Introduction
The body as clockwork (heart as spring, nerves as strings, joints as wheels) and the state as an artificial man.
- Leviathan, Part I, Ch. II, 'Of Imagination'
Imagination as decaying sense; dreams caused by internal bodily motions; apparitions and belief in ghosts explained as misread dreams.
- Leviathan, Part I, Ch. VI, 'Of the Interiour Beginnings of Voluntary Motions'
Definitions of the passions as forms of appetite and aversion, including fear, grief, anxiety and the 'Panique Terror' of crowds.
- Leviathan, Part I, Ch. VIII
Madness as excessive passion; rage and melancholy; the man in Bedlam who claims to be God the Father; drunkenness; the Abdera fever epidemic and the hanging maidens of a Greek city.
- Leviathan, Part I, Ch. XIII
Life in the natural condition dominated by continual fear and danger of violent death.
- Leviathan, Part II, Ch. XXIV, 'Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Common-wealth'
Money compared to blood circulating through the veins and arteries of the commonwealth, an explicit use of Harvey's discovery.
- Leviathan, Part II, Ch. XXIX
Diseases of the commonwealth compared to epilepsy, hydrophobia, ague, pleurisy, intestinal worms (ascarides) and bulimia.
- Leviathan, Part II, Ch. XXX
The sovereign's duty to provide for those unable to work through public charity rather than private uncertain alms.
- Leviathan, Part IV, Ch. XLV, 'Of Daemonology'
Critique of belief in demons and possession, reinterpreting biblical demoniacs as madmen and lunatics.
- Life of St. Martin, Life, Ch. 3: cloak at Amiens
Martin responds to exposure and cold by sharing clothing, an act of basic bodily care before formal office.
- Life of St. Martin, Life, Ch. 6: hellebore
The poisonous plant episode links ascetic foraging to ancient pharmacology and the dangers of diet.
- Life of St. Martin, Life, Ch. 7: fever and apparent death
The catechumen's fever and death become the first major healing miracle, blending sickroom detail with resurrection narrative.
- Life of St. Martin, Dialogue tradition: leper at Paris
Martin's kiss of a leper reverses stigma through touch, making the leper's isolation and bodily revulsion part of the healing scene.
- Life of St. Martin, Life and Dialogues: demons and possession
Demonic encounters frame mental and behavioral disturbance through spiritual agency and episcopal authority rather than modern psychiatric categories.
- Little Women, Part One, Ch. 15
A telegram reports Mr March seriously ill in Washington; Marmee leaves to nurse him and Jo sells her hair.
- Little Women, Part One, Ch. 16–18
Beth nurses the poor Hummel family's sick baby, who dies of scarlet fever; Beth catches it; Amy is sent away; Dr Bangs attends.
- Little Women, Part One, Ch. 19–20
The crisis of Beth's fever passes; Marmee returns.
- Little Women, Part Two, Ch. 28
Meg's twins and her struggle with new motherhood.
- Little Women, Part Two, Ch. 36 and 40
Beth's slow decline at the seaside and at home; her death nursed by Jo.
- Little Women, Part Two, Ch. 42
Jo's grief after Beth's death and her turn to writing from life.
- Logical Writings on Binary Arithmetic and Universal Character, Plans for a universal character
The dream of exact symbolic representation resembles a philosophical treatment for intellectual disorder.
- Logical Writings on Binary Arithmetic and Universal Character, Binary arithmetic essays
The two-state symbolic system later invites comparison with digital models of neural and cognitive activity.
- Long Walk to Freedom, Robben Island chapters
Hard labor, surveillance, diet, study, discipline, and solidarity shape the health and identity of prisoners.
- Long Walk to Freedom, Later imprisonment and illness passages
Mandela's aging and health problems, including tuberculosis history, become part of the political story of captivity.
- Lord Jim, Ch. 2
Jim is disabled by a falling spar and recovers in a hospital in an Eastern port.
- Lord Jim, Ch. 5
Marlow visits the Patna's chief engineer in hospital, raving in delirium tremens about pink toads under the bed; the hospital doctor comments on the case.
- Lord Jim, Ch. 6
Captain Brierly, an assessor at the inquiry, jumps overboard soon after it ends, leaving careful arrangements.
- Lord Jim, Ch. 7–11
Jim's account of his paralysis on the Patna deck and the moment he jumped.
- Lysistrata and Other Plays, The Acharnians, finale
Lamachus returns wounded and calls for the doctor Pittalus while Dicaeopolis revels.
- Lysistrata and Other Plays, Lysistrata, middle scenes
Women's excuses to leave the Acropolis, including a feigned imminent childbirth.
- Lysistrata and Other Plays, Lysistrata, Myrrhine and Kinesias; envoys' scene
Sexual frustration presented as an ailment afflicting men across Greece.
- Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 1–2
The hallucinated dagger; the voice crying 'Sleep no more'; the drugged possets given to the grooms.
- Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 3
The drunken Porter on the three things drink provokes.
- Macbeth, Act 3, Scene 4
Banquo's ghost at the banquet, seen only by Macbeth.
- Macbeth, Act 4, Scene 3
An English doctor describes King Edward curing 'the evil' (scrofula) by touch.
- Macbeth, Act 5, Scene 1
Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking and hand-washing observed by the Doctor and Gentlewoman.
- Macbeth, Act 5, Scene 3
Macbeth asks the Doctor to minister to a mind diseased; 'Throw physic to the dogs'.
- Macbeth, Act 5, Scene 5 and 5, Scene 9 (Folio 5.7)
Lady Macbeth's death, later said to be by her own hand.
- Macbeth, Act 5, Scene 8
Macduff reveals he was untimely ripped from his mother's womb.
- Mansfield Park, Vol. I, Ch. 7
Fanny's headache after being sent out to cut roses and walk in the heat.
- Mansfield Park, Vol. III, Ch. 13–14 (Ch. 44–45)
News that Tom has fallen dangerously ill with fever after a drinking bout and a fall; his return home and nursing.
- Mansfield Park, Vol. III, Ch. 7–8 (Ch. 38–39)
The noise, dirt and close air of the Price household in Portsmouth affect Fanny's health and spirits.
- Mansfield Park, Vol. III, Ch. 17 (Ch. 48)
Dr Grant dies of apoplexy after three great institutionary dinners in one week.
- Medea and Other Plays, Medea, opening
The Nurse describes Medea refusing food, weeping and turning from her children after Jason’s betrayal.
- Medea and Other Plays, Medea, first monody and speeches
Medea speaks of women’s risks in marriage, childbirth and dependence on husbands.
- Medea and Other Plays, Medea, poisoned gifts
A robe and crown destroy Jason’s bride and Creon through concealed toxic power.
- Medea and Other Plays, Medea, deliberation before killing the children
Medea debates with herself before committing child-murder, showing conflict rather than simple frenzy.
- Medea and Other Plays, Heracles, madness episode
In a related Euripidean tragedy, Heracles kills his family under divinely imposed madness and awakens to horror.
- Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, Opening chapters on causes and seats of mental disease
Rush links mental disorder to bodily and brain processes, marking a medicalizing account of mind.
- Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, Treatment sections
Recommended bleeding, purging, restraint, and moral management raise major ethical issues.
- Meditations, Book 1.17
Marcus thanks the gods for remedies given in dreams, including for spitting of blood and giddiness.
- Meditations, Book 3.3; 4.48
Catalogues of the dead, including Hippocrates and physicians who frowned over the sick.
- Meditations, Book 5.1
Argument with himself about getting out of bed in the morning.
- Meditations, Book 7.33, 7.64
On pain: if intolerable it ends life, if lasting it is bearable; in every pain remember there is no dishonour.
- Meditations, Book 9.2
Corruption of the mind is a worse pestilence than any plague of the air.
- Meditations, Book 9.3; 12.36
Death as a natural process like birth and growing old; departing serenely.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation I
The meditator considers madmen whose brains are disturbed by black bile, who believe they are kings, or that their heads are earthenware or their bodies glass.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation I
The dream argument: no certain marks distinguish waking from sleeping.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation II
Identification of the self as a thinking thing whose existence is certain independent of any knowledge of the body.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation VI
Argument for the real distinction of mind and body, followed by the claim that the mind is not in the body as a pilot in a ship, as hunger, thirst and pain show.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation VI
Phantom pain felt by those whose arm or leg has been amputated, used to show that the senses can mislead about the location of pain.
- Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation VI
Nerves compared to a cord whose pull at any point produces the same motion in the brain; the dropsical patient's thirst as a natural signal that harms the sick body.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. IX (Kentucky, autumn 1861)
Cameron's memorandum, newspaper reports that Sherman was insane, his relief from command and his sense that his position was unbearable.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. IX (Bull Run report)
Close-range fire breaks the brigade; wounded stream toward buildings used as hospitals and the retreat becomes a spontaneous rout.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. X (Pittsburg Landing, March–April 1862)
Sick soldiers shipped to Savannah for want of any building for a hospital; Sherman's postscript rejects floating hospitals in favour of regimental surgeons; his Shiloh report praises surgeons who treated wounded of both armies.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XI
Sherman describes Shiloh as having given him new life after being cast down by the 'crazy' label, and counsels a demoralised Grant.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XII (Memphis)
Letters on regimental and general hospitals, the use of freed people as hospital attendants and nurses, and requisition of buildings for patients.
- Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XIV (October 1863)
Willie's typhoid on the steamer Atlantic, the attending army surgeon's warning, death at the Gayoso Hotel, and Sherman's self-reproach and midnight letter.
- Memorial and Remonstrance and Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention, Memorial and Remonstrance
The priority of conscience becomes relevant to later medical conflicts over professional duty and state compulsion.
- Memorial and Remonstrance and Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention, Convention Notes on federal powers
Debates over national and state authority shape later public-health law and emergency governance.
- Mental Maladies, Hallucinations and illusions
Esquirol distinguishes false perception from false judgment and makes hallucination a key psychiatric sign.
- Mental Maladies, Lypemania and monomania
The diagnostic chapters track partial delusions, fixed ideas, fear, sorrow, and suicidal danger under now-historical labels.
- Mental Maladies, Asylum chapters
The institutional material treats space, classification, attendants, and medical authority as therapeutic instruments.
- Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, Book I
Griesinger argues that mental diseases must be understood as diseases of the brain, while admitting the limits of pathology.
- Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, Clinical books
The syndrome descriptions of melancholia, exaltation, monomania, and dementia show German psychiatry before Kraepelin.
- Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, Therapeutics
The treatment chapters combine physical care, moral treatment, prognosis, and asylum organization.
- Metamorphoses, Book III
Narcissus falls in love with his reflection and wastes away; Echo fades to a voice; Tiresias's change of sex.
- Metamorphoses, Book IV
Salmacis and Hermaphroditus merge into one body.
- Metamorphoses, Book VI
Niobe, grieving her slaughtered children, turns to weeping stone.
- Metamorphoses, Book VII
Medea drains Aeson's blood and refills his veins with a magic brew, restoring his youth; the daughters of Pelias are tricked into killing their father.
- Metamorphoses, Book VII
Aeacus describes the plague at Aegina: fever, thirst, corpses and the failure of medicine.
- Metamorphoses, Book VIII
Erysichthon, cursed with Hunger by Ceres, eats everything and finally devours his own body.
- Metamorphoses, Book XIV
The Sibyl of Cumae, granted years but not youth, will shrink until only her voice remains.
- Metamorphoses, Book XV
Aesculapius comes from Epidaurus to Rome as a serpent to end a pestilence.
- My Ántonia, Book I (Russian Peter and Pavel chapters)
Pavel, ill and coughing blood, tells the story of the bride thrown to the wolves before dying.
- My Ántonia, Book I (first winter)
The Shimerdas' hunger and hardship in the dugout; Mr Shimerda's homesickness and withdrawal.
- My Ántonia, Book I (c. Ch. 14–16)
Mr Shimerda shoots himself in the barn; the inquest, the debate over burial and the crossroads grave.
- My Ántonia, Book II
Ántonia tells of a tramp who jumped into a threshing machine.
- My Ántonia, Book II
The blind Black pianist Samson d'Arnault performs at the hotel.
- My Ántonia, Book IV
Ántonia, abandoned by Larry Donovan, gives birth alone at home.
- Napoleon's Maxims of War, Maxim XII, Note
Montecuccoli quoted on the need for secure magazines, hospitals, arms depots and supply places along the line of communication.
- Napoleon's Maxims of War, Maxim XIX, Note
The starving, ill-clothed Army of Italy in 1796, its draught horses dead from want, before Napoleon's offensive.
- Napoleon's Maxims of War, Maxim XXI
Convoys of sick and wounded require the shortest possible line to depots.
- Napoleon's Maxims of War, Maxims LVIII–LIX and Notes
Fortitude under fatigue and privation as the soldier's first quality; the four days' provisions and other necessities he must always carry.
- Napoleon's Maxims of War, Maxim LXXIII and Note
The commander's cool head and the unsuitability of excitable temperaments; Montecuccoli's advice never to be anxious or change countenance.
- Narrative of the Life and What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, Narrative, childhood and plantation violence
Family separation, whipping, hunger, and terror show slavery as chronic bodily and psychological injury.
- Narrative of the Life and What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, Narrative, literacy and Covey episodes
Reading and bodily resistance become mechanisms of self-recovery under domination.
- Natural History: A Selection, Books 20–27
Medicinal plants are cataloged with uses for pain, sleep, wounds, digestion and mental disturbance.
- Natural History: A Selection, Book 20, poppy traditions
Poppy preparations appear among sleep- and pain-related remedies, with danger implicit in potency.
- Natural History: A Selection, Book 25, hellebore traditions
Hellebore appears in the ancient therapeutic world of purging and treatment of mental disturbance.
- Natural History: A Selection, Book 25, mandrake traditions
Mandrake lore connects narcotic, magical and surgical uses.
- Natural History: A Selection, Books 28–32
Animal-derived remedies and charms blur medicine, magic and credulity.
- Northanger Abbey, Vol. II, Ch. 8–9
Catherine's suspicions about Mrs Tilney's death and Henry's account of her illness and the physicians who attended her.
- Notes on Menabrea's Sketch of the Analytical Engine, Note A
Lovelace explains the distinction between the Difference Engine's numerical table-making and the Analytical Engine's broader command of operations.
- Notes on Menabrea's Sketch of the Analytical Engine, Note G
The Bernoulli-number procedure converts reasoning into executable steps, a key precursor for computational models of cognition.
- Notes on Menabrea's Sketch of the Analytical Engine, Concluding reflections on the Engine
The statement that the machine cannot originate anything frames the ethical boundary around claims made for artificial minds.
- Notes on the State of Virginia, Selected Letters, and The Jefferson Bible, Notes on Virginia, queries on population and race
Jefferson's racial claims show Enlightenment classification entering political arguments about slavery, bodily difference, and human equality.
- Notes on the State of Virginia, Selected Letters, and The Jefferson Bible, Notes on climate and natural history
Environmental observation links health, geography, and early American science.
- Novum Organum, Book I, Aphorisms XLI–XLIX
Idols of the tribe and den: the distorting mirror of human perception, the pull of first conclusions, neglect of negative instances, and belief tinctured by will and passion.
- Novum Organum, Book I, Aphorism LXVI
Bacon criticises the doctrines of elementary qualities and occult specific powers while commending physicians' attention to attraction, astringency, maturation and other secondary qualities of medicines.
- Novum Organum, Book I, Aphorism LXXIII
Citing Celsus, Bacon observes that medical experiments came first and philosophical causes were assigned afterward, using medicine as evidence against speculative systems.
- Novum Organum, Book I, Aphorism LXXXVII
Impostors who promise prolongation of life, retarding of old age, relief of pain and the exaltation of the intellect discredit honest natural philosophy.
- Novum Organum, Book II, Aphorism L
Medicines that condense the flesh or the spirits: mild soporifics (violet, dried roses, lettuce), rose-water for fainting fits, and opiates that expel the spirits from the brain's ventricles yet in moderation may aid cure and longevity.
- Of Mice and Men, Section 1
George describes the incident at Weed and Lennie's compulsion to stroke soft things; he rehearses what Lennie must do if in trouble.
- Of Mice and Men, Section 3
Carlson shoots Candy's old dog; Candy later wishes he had done it himself.
- Of Mice and Men, Section 3
Lennie crushes Curley's hand; the injury is covered up as a machine accident and Curley is taken to the doctor.
- Of Mice and Men, Section 4
Crooks rubs liniment into his crooked back in his solitary room.
- Of Mice and Men, Section 6
George kills Lennie to spare him the lynch mob.
- On Computable Numbers and Computing Machinery, 1936 paper, definition of computing machines
The reduction of calculation to symbolic operations offers a formal ancestor for computational models of cognition.
- On Computable Numbers and Computing Machinery, 1950 essay, imitation game
The replacement of the thinking question by a behavioral test matters for psychiatric interviews and modern AI evaluation.
- On Computable Numbers and Computing Machinery, 1950 essay, objections about nervous systems and disability
Turing's survey of objections shows how embodiment and impairment enter debates about intelligence.
- On Fairy-Stories, Defining fairy-story
On Fairy-Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is oblique: tolkien treats imagination as recovery from dulled perception and as consolation amid suffering rather than as pathology
- On Fairy-Stories, Fantasy and sub-creation
On Fairy-Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is oblique: tolkien treats imagination as recovery from dulled perception and as consolation amid suffering rather than as pathology
- On Fairy-Stories, Recovery and consolation
On Fairy-Stories gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is oblique: tolkien treats imagination as recovery from dulled perception and as consolation amid suffering rather than as pathology
- On Formally Undecidable Propositions, Main incompleteness construction
The undecidable proposition offers a rigorous analogy for the limits of formal systems used to classify complex realities.
- On Formally Undecidable Propositions, Consistency theorem
The inability of a system to certify itself invites ethical caution about self-validating technical institutions.
- On Friendship, 'Of Friendship', closing pages
Montaigne's description of the dull, half-life he has led since his friend's death.
- On Liberty, Ch. I, Introductory
The harm principle, sovereignty over one's own body and mind, and the explicit exclusion of children and those needing care from the doctrine.
- On Liberty, Ch. III, Of Individuality (with footnote 13)
Eccentric people risk a commission de lunatico; the footnote condemns trials in which ordinary peculiarities are paraded before juries as proof of insanity and imagines atheists placed in madhouses as a 'humane' persecution.
- On Liberty, Ch. IV, Of the Limits to the Authority of Society
The United Kingdom Alliance's case for prohibition and its doctrine of 'social rights' against the drink trade, which Mill rejects.
- On Liberty, Ch. V, Applications
Sale of poisons: labelling, a register of buyers, Bentham's 'preappointed evidence', and rejection of a universal prescription requirement; the unsafe-bridge example and its exceptions for the delirious or overexcited.
- On Liberty, Ch. V, Applications
Drunkenness as self-regarding unless tied to violence; taxation of stimulants; the opium import ban in China and the Maine Law listed as interferences with buyers.
- On Medicine, Book 1, Preface
The history of medical schools frames medicine as a debate between reason, experience and practical method.
- On Medicine, Book 2
Fever, crisis, prognosis and evacuations structure the management of acute illness.
- On Medicine, Book 3
Inflammation is described through redness, swelling, heat and pain, a durable clinical formula.
- On Medicine, Books 5–6
Drug preparations include purges, plasters, narcotic applications and substances that can heal or poison.
- On Medicine, Book 7
Operations for cataract, fistula, bladder stone and damaged body parts show technical Roman surgery.
- On Medicine, Book 8
Fractures, dislocations and bone injuries require traction, setting, splints and careful aftercare.
- On the Genealogy of Morality, Essay I
Ressentiment becomes a psychological and historical engine of moral valuation.
- On the Genealogy of Morality, Essay II
Guilt and bad conscience are traced through pain, debt, punishment, and internalized instinct.
- On the Genealogy of Morality, Essay III
The ascetic ideal is interpreted as a technique for giving suffering a meaning.
- On the Making of Man, Creation and dignity
On the Making of Man gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens includes anatomy, generation, bodily organs, sex difference, mortality, resurrection, and the porous border between medicine and theology
- On the Making of Man, Body, senses, and mind
On the Making of Man gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens includes anatomy, generation, bodily organs, sex difference, mortality, resurrection, and the porous border between medicine and theology
- On the Making of Man, Sex, death, and resurrection
On the Making of Man gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens includes anatomy, generation, bodily organs, sex difference, mortality, resurrection, and the porous border between medicine and theology
- On the Making of Man, Sex, death, and resurrection
On the Making of Man gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens includes anatomy, generation, bodily organs, sex difference, mortality, resurrection, and the porous border between medicine and theology
- On the Making of Man, Sex, death, and resurrection
On the Making of Man gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens includes anatomy, generation, bodily organs, sex difference, mortality, resurrection, and the porous border between medicine and theology
- On the Nature of the Universe, Book 1, Iphigenia
Religious fear leads to sacrificial violence, establishing superstition as a psychic and social disease.
- On the Nature of the Universe, Book 3
Arguments for the mortality of the soul aim to cure fear of death and afterlife punishment.
- On the Nature of the Universe, Book 4
Dream images, sexual arousal and erotic fixation are explained through bodily images and habit.
- On the Nature of the Universe, Book 6, plague of Athens
The poem ends with fever, thirst, sores, despair, contagion-like care and burial breakdown.
- On the Origin of Species, Variation under domestication
On the Origin of Species gives this tag concrete force through darwin matters to medicine through heredity, variation, adaptation, population thinking, and later debates over degeneration, eugenics, and disease ecology
- On the Origin of Species, Natural selection
On the Origin of Species gives this tag concrete force through darwin matters to medicine through heredity, variation, adaptation, population thinking, and later debates over degeneration, eugenics, and disease ecology
- On the Origin of Species, Difficulties and consequences
On the Origin of Species gives this tag concrete force through darwin matters to medicine through heredity, variation, adaptation, population thinking, and later debates over degeneration, eugenics, and disease ecology
- On the Road, Part Two
Visit to Old Bull Lee's household near New Orleans, where drug use (including Benzedrine and opiates) is part of daily life.
- On the Road, Part Three
Dean's injured thumb becomes infected and is treated, a recurring image of his self-inflicted damage.
- On the Road, Part Four
Driving into Mexico, the companions smoke marijuana with a local youth and experience the landscape in an altered state.
- On the Road, Part Four (Mexico City)
Sal falls ill with fever and dysentery and is left behind by Dean.
- On the Road, Throughout
Marathon drives, all-night jazz clubs and continuous drinking, with sleep deprivation treated as a kind of ecstasy.
- On War, Book I, Ch. 4, Of Danger in War
A guided walk from the staff to the firing line: shells, the fall of an acquaintance, pity for the maimed, and the loss of the power of instantaneous decision in the novice.
- On War, Book I, Ch. 5, Of Bodily Exertion in War
Frost, heat, thirst, hunger and fatigue as influences on judgment, and the commander's art of demanding extreme effort from troops.
- On War, Book I, Ch. 7–8, Friction and Concluding Remarks
Friction as the sum of danger, exertion and uncertainty; habituation compared to the pupil of the eye adapting to a dark room.
- On War, Book V, Ch. 12, Marches (continued)
Sickness in crowded quarters versus on the road; soldiers drinking cold water after heat exhaustion; Napoleon's losses of 95,000 to sickness and straggling on the march to Smolensk in 1812.
- On War, Book V, Ch. 14, Subsistence
Feeding mass armies by requisition or magazines and the human cost when supply fails.
- On War, Introductory memoir (Graham/Maude edition)
Clausewitz's death from cholera at Breslau in November 1831, apparently contracted with the army of observation on the Polish frontier.
- Our Town, Daily Life
Our Town gives this tag concrete force through the medical material is quiet but important: doc gibbs, childbirth, mortality statistics, grief, and the care rituals surrounding death
- Our Town, Love and Marriage
Our Town gives this tag concrete force through the medical material is quiet but important: doc gibbs, childbirth, mortality statistics, grief, and the care rituals surrounding death
- Our Town, Death and Attention
Our Town gives this tag concrete force through the medical material is quiet but important: doc gibbs, childbirth, mortality statistics, grief, and the care rituals surrounding death
- Our Town, Death and Attention
Our Town gives this tag concrete force through the medical material is quiet but important: doc gibbs, childbirth, mortality statistics, grief, and the care rituals surrounding death
- Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Chapters on street nuisances
Babbage's intense campaign against organ-grinders and urban noise shows the bodily strain of attention in a city environment.
- Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Chapters on the Analytical Engine
The explanation of mechanical memory and operation offers a nineteenth-century source for later analogies between mechanism and thought.
- Passing, Part One
Irene, feeling faint in the Chicago heat, takes refuge on the hotel roof and is unnerved by a stranger's stare, with physical symptoms of acute anxiety.
- Passing, Part Two
Disagreements between Irene and Brian over what to tell their sons about sex and lynching; Brian's dissatisfaction with medicine and his wish to go to Brazil.
- Passing, Part Two–Three
Irene's growing suspicion of an affair, accompanied by sleeplessness, headaches and intrusive thoughts.
- Passing, Part Three (ending)
Clare's fall from the window and Irene's collapse, followed by her blurred, possibly repressed recollection of the moment.
- Pensees, Fragment 82, Section II
Imagination as the 'mistress of error', able to make men healthy or sick; the philosopher sweating on a plank above a precipice; cats, rats and a crushed coal that 'unhinge the reason'; physicians in cassocks and mules; diseases that spoil judgment.
- Pensees, Fragment 109, Section II
Health and sickness each produce their own desires; we take medicine cheerfully when ill; our fears come from imagining a state we are not in.
- Pensees, Fragment 131, Section II
Weariness: at rest without occupation, man feels his nothingness and from his heart rise gloom, sadness, fretfulness and despair.
- Pensees, Fragments 139–143, 164–171, Section II
Diversion: gambling, hunting, war and court office as flight from thought; the king without diversion is wretched; death is easier to bear than the thought of it.
- Pensees, Fragment 233, Section III
The wager, ending with the counsel to act as if believing, taking holy water and having masses said, to abate the passions and 'deaden your acuteness'.
- Pensees, Fragment 552, Section VII
The Mystery of Jesus: Christ's self-inflicted agony in Gethsemane, the sleeping disciples, and the voice that says physicians will not heal.
- Persian Letters, Letter 76 (numbering varies by edition)
Usbek argues that laws against suicide are unjust, since a man oppressed by misery should be free to leave a society that no longer benefits him.
- Persian Letters, Early seraglio letters (c. Letters 9 and following)
The Chief Eunuch describes his castration and his resentment of the women he guards.
- Persian Letters, Final letter (Letter 161 in the 1758 numbering)
Roxane writes to Usbek after taking poison, declaring her deception and her inner freedom.
- Personal Memoirs, Preface
Grant notes he was 'reduced almost to the point of death' while writing and that his son F. D. Grant helped with the work.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. II
A wasting cough before graduation and the family history of consumption, which later killed his younger brother and sister.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XIV
Cholera at Cruces and Panama in 1852; hospital hulk and tents; roughly a third of Grant's party dead and a seventh of the regiment lost overall.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XVI
A year-long attack of fever and ague in 1858 that undermines his farming.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XXIV
Shiloh: bruised and sleepless after his horse falls, Grant takes refuge in a log-house used as a hospital, where amputations go on all night, and returns to the rain.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Ch. XXXII
The flooded winter before Vicksburg: malarial fevers, measles and smallpox among troops, hospital arrangements Grant credits with limiting deaths, and orders establishing general hospitals between Duckport and Milliken's Bend.
- Personal Memoirs, Vol. II, Ch. LXVII
Sick headache treated with hot mustard footbaths and plasters, cured on reading Lee's note; Grant's 'sad and depressed' feelings at the surrender.
- Persuasion, Vol. I, Ch. 6–7
Mary's complaints of illness at Uppercross; her son's dislocated collarbone after a fall and the household's response.
- Persuasion, Vol. I, Ch. 11
Captain Benwick's mourning for his dead fiancée; Anne advises him to read more prose and less poetry.
- Persuasion, Vol. I, Ch. 12
Louisa's fall from the Cobb; Anne directs restoratives and calls for a surgeon while others panic.
- Persuasion, Vol. II, Ch. 5
Anne visits Mrs Smith, disabled by illness and attended by Nurse Rooke, a sick-nurse of the Bath lodging-house world.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 244a–245c
The four kinds of divine madness, contrasted with madness arising from human disease.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 246a–254e
The charioteer and two horses as a model of the soul's internal conflict.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 251a–252b
The lover's symptoms: shuddering, sweating, fever, sleeplessness and obsessive longing as the wings regrow.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 268a–c
Socrates imagines a man claiming to be a physician because he knows how to induce vomiting and purging, without knowing when or for whom.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 270c–d
Appeal to Hippocrates: understanding the body, like the soul, requires understanding the nature of the whole.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Phaedrus 274c–275b
The myth of Theuth: writing as a pharmakon for memory that weakens memory.
- Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, Seventh Letter, c. 330c–331a
The counsellor compared to a physician advising a patient whose way of life must change before treatment can help.
- Poems, Inscape and praise
Poems gives this tag concrete force through hopkins is important for melancholia, scruple, exhaustion, vocation stress, and the language of inward suffering before modern diagnostic categories
- Poems, The Wreck and suffering
Poems gives this tag concrete force through hopkins is important for melancholia, scruple, exhaustion, vocation stress, and the language of inward suffering before modern diagnostic categories
- Poems, The terrible sonnets
Poems gives this tag concrete force through hopkins is important for melancholia, scruple, exhaustion, vocation stress, and the language of inward suffering before modern diagnostic categories
- Poems, The terrible sonnets
Poems gives this tag concrete force through hopkins is important for melancholia, scruple, exhaustion, vocation stress, and the language of inward suffering before modern diagnostic categories
- Politics, Household and city
Politics gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens appears by analogy: aristotle often treats constitutions as healthy or diseased orders, requiring diagnosis, regimen, and proportion
- Politics, Constitutions and citizens
Politics gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens appears by analogy: aristotle often treats constitutions as healthy or diseased orders, requiring diagnosis, regimen, and proportion
- Pride and Prejudice, First impressions
Pride and Prejudice gives this tag concrete force through its medical angle is modest but present in nerves, hypochondriacal comedy, domestic stress, and the social management of women's bodies and futures
- Pride and Prejudice, Letters and reversals
Pride and Prejudice gives this tag concrete force through its medical angle is modest but present in nerves, hypochondriacal comedy, domestic stress, and the social management of women's bodies and futures
- Pride and Prejudice, Crisis and consent
Pride and Prejudice gives this tag concrete force through its medical angle is modest but present in nerves, hypochondriacal comedy, domestic stress, and the social management of women's bodies and futures
- Principia, Definitions and laws
Principia gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens is indirect: mechanics reshaped physiology, nerves, circulation, and later models of body and mind by making force and motion newly authoritative
- Psychopathia Sexualis, Medico-forensic introduction
Krafft-Ebing presents sexuality as an object of psychiatric and legal expertise.
- Psychopathia Sexualis, Case-history sections
The cases show the power and danger of translating desire into degenerative pathology.
- Psychopathia Sexualis, Forensic conclusions
The work links diagnosis to responsibility, punishment, and expert testimony.
- Regensburg Lecture, A contested citation
Regensburg Lecture gives this tag concrete force through the medical relevance is indirect: the lecture resists narrowed technical reason and thereby speaks to bioethics, human dignity, and clinical judgment
- Regensburg Lecture, Logos and theology
Regensburg Lecture gives this tag concrete force through the medical relevance is indirect: the lecture resists narrowed technical reason and thereby speaks to bioethics, human dignity, and clinical judgment
- Ruth, Ch. 5–7
Bellingham's fever in Wales; his mother takes over the sickroom and excludes Ruth.
- Ruth, Ch. 8
Abandoned, Ruth runs toward a pool to drown herself and is stopped by Benson.
- Ruth, Ch. 14–15
Ruth's confinement and the birth of Leonard in the Bensons' house.
- Ruth, Ch. 32–33
Typhus epidemic in Eccleston; Ruth volunteers as matron-nurse in the fever ward of the hospital.
- Ruth, Ch. 34–35
Ruth nurses Donne through the fever, falls ill herself and dies in delirium.
- Ruth, Ch. 35–36
Mr Davis the surgeon offers Leonard an apprenticeship, revealing his own illegitimate birth.
- Second Treatise of Government, Ch. II, §6
The law of nature forbids harming anyone in life, health, liberty or possessions; no one has liberty to destroy himself.
- Second Treatise of Government, Ch. IV, §23
No one can consent to absolute power over his own life, so self-enslavement is void.
- Second Treatise of Government, Ch. VI, §§57–61
Freedom tied to the age of reason; guardians must 'understand for' those without understanding; lunatics, 'ideots' and madmen remain under others' government.
- Selected Sermons, Sermon of the Plough
The preacher's labor is imagined as cultivation of resistant hearts, an agricultural therapy of conscience.
- Selected Sermons, Court sermons on negligent officials
Social disorder is treated as a public disease requiring correction by rulers and clergy.
- Selected Sermons, Sermons on affliction and providence
Calvin frames suffering as a field for trust, correction, endurance, and communal support.
- Selected Sermons, Sermons addressing fear and persecution
The pulpit offers anxious refugees and citizens a theological structure for danger.
- Selected Sermons, Conversion sermons
The direct address to unconverted hearers aims to produce conviction, fear, and emotional crisis.
- Selected Sermons, Reports around outdoor preaching
Crowd tears, trembling, and silence became contested evidence for revival or enthusiasm.
- Selected Sermons, Sermons addressed to the downcast
Spurgeon repeatedly offers consolation to hearers experiencing despair, guilt, grief, and spiritual darkness.
- Selected Sermons, Autobiographical allusions to illness and pain
His own suffering informs pastoral speech about endurance and weakness.
- Selected Sermons, Sermons on assurance and love
Moody's repeated invitation to trust functions as consolation for anxious and grieving hearers.
- Selected Sermons, Campaign inquiry practices
The after-meeting system shows organized handling of religious distress and decision pressure.
- Selected Sermons and Reformation Treatises, Sermons and treatises on temptation and conscience
Luther addresses terrified conscience as a condition requiring gospel consolation rather than moral bookkeeping.
- Selected Sermons and Reformation Treatises, Plague counsel
His advice about remaining, fleeing, and caring for neighbors during epidemic disease combines prudence with vocation.
- Selected Short Stories, 'The Horla', early diary entries
Fever-like malaise, insomnia and nightmares of being strangled and drained in sleep.
- Selected Short Stories, 'The Horla', middle entries
A doctor's demonstration of hypnotic suggestion on the narrator's cousin in Paris.
- Selected Short Stories, 'The Horla', later entries
Water and milk vanish from the carafe; the narrator's reflection fails to appear in the mirror; he reads of an epidemic of madness in São Paulo.
- Selected Short Stories, 'The Horla', final entries
He sets fire to his house to destroy the Horla and resolves that he must kill himself.
- Selected Short Stories, 'A Piece of String'
Hauchecorne's fixation on clearing his name ends in delirium and death.
- Sense and Sensibility, Vol. I, Ch. 8
Marianne mocks Colonel Brandon's complaint of rheumatism and his flannel waistcoat as signs of decrepitude.
- Sense and Sensibility, Vol. II, Ch. 7–9
Marianne's grief after Willoughby's letter: refusal of food, sleeplessness and hysterical weeping, while Elinor attends her.
- Sense and Sensibility, Vol. II, Ch. 9
Brandon's account of the first Eliza, whom he found dying of consumption in a sponging-house.
- Sense and Sensibility, Vol. III, Ch. 6–7
Marianne's fever at Cleveland after walks in the wet; Mr Harris the apothecary attends, fears of infection send the Palmers' baby away, and Elinor nurses her through the crisis.
- Sermons and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, Devotions, opening meditations
Donne observes the onset of illness and turns bodily vulnerability into spiritual inquiry.
- Sermons and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, Devotions, bells and physicians
The sickroom is linked to doctors, neighbors, death bells, and the social meaning of mortality.
- Sermons and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, Death's Duel
The sermon stages dying as theological confrontation and preparation.
- Sermons and Letter from Birmingham Jail, Letter from Birmingham Jail, discussion of waiting
King describes the psychic and bodily burden imposed by delayed justice and segregation.
- Sermons and Letter from Birmingham Jail, Sermons on love and beloved community
Love is framed as a social discipline capable of healing public hatred without denying danger.
- Sermons on Several Occasions and Primitive Physick, Primitive Physick, preface and remedy lists
Wesley promotes simple remedies and access for the poor, revealing eighteenth-century lay medicine and its hazards.
- Sermons on Several Occasions and Primitive Physick, Sermons on works of mercy
Visiting the sick and caring for bodies become duties within Methodist holiness.
- Sermons on the Song of Songs, Early sermons on the kiss
The language of bodily intimacy becomes an account of spiritual desire and affective transformation.
- Sermons on the Song of Songs, Sermons on wounds and languishing
Bernard's love-sickness imagery shows medieval overlaps between emotion, body, and religious cure.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Book III (Wadi Ais, March 1917)
Ill with dysentery and fever and covered in boils, Lawrence lies in a tent for some ten days and thinks out the theory of guerrilla war.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Book IV (the march to Aqaba)
The crossing of waterless country in summer; heat, thirst and the search for a lost man in the desert; the near-fatal effects of exhaustion on men and camels.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Book VI (Deraa, November 1917)
Lawrence's account of his capture, flogging and sexual assault and of the lasting damage to his sense of self. Handle with care: the account is contested as fact and should be cited as his testimony.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Books VII–VIII (winter 1917–18)
Daud's death from cold; Farraj wounded and killed by Lawrence to spare him capture and torture; Lawrence's growing exhaustion and despair before asking to be relieved.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Book X (Tafas, September 1918)
A village massacred by retreating Turkish troops, followed by the order to take no prisoners; a key passage on reprisal and moral injury.
- Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Book X (Damascus, October 1918)
Lawrence finds a Turkish military hospital full of dead and dying men and organises its cleaning and burials amid the chaos of the city's first days.
- Siddhartha: An Indian Tale, Part One, 'With the Samanas'
Years of fasting, self-mortification and meditative self-loss, which Siddhartha comes to see as temporary escape like intoxication.
- Siddhartha: An Indian Tale, Part Two, 'Samsara'
Siddhartha's gradual decline into gambling, wine and satiety, ending in self-disgust.
- Siddhartha: An Indian Tale, Part Two, 'By the River'
Contemplating drowning, Siddhartha hears Om, falls into a long sleep and wakes renewed.
- Siddhartha: An Indian Tale, Part Two, 'Om'
Kamala dies of a snakebite; later, Siddhartha's grief over his son is healed by listening to the river.
- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and A Faithful Narrative, Sinners, central warning sequence
The sermon intensifies fear to produce urgent self-examination and conversion anxiety.
- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and A Faithful Narrative, Faithful Narrative, descriptions of awakenings
Reports of distress, tears, joy, and communal spread show revival emotion as an interpretive challenge.
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Christmas challenge
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives this tag concrete force through medical interest gathers around bodily vulnerability: decapitation, fear, dream, the nick on the neck, confession, and shame felt as an embodied wound
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The castle exchanges
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives this tag concrete force through medical interest gathers around bodily vulnerability: decapitation, fear, dream, the nick on the neck, confession, and shame felt as an embodied wound
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Green Chapel
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives this tag concrete force through medical interest gathers around bodily vulnerability: decapitation, fear, dream, the nick on the neck, confession, and shame felt as an embodied wound
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Green Chapel
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives this tag concrete force through medical interest gathers around bodily vulnerability: decapitation, fear, dream, the nick on the neck, confession, and shame felt as an embodied wound
- Sixty Stories, 'Game'
Two officers confined in a missile bunker, each watching the other, deteriorate psychologically under rigid protocol.
- Sixty Stories, 'The School'
A teacher recounts the cascade of deaths affecting his class and the children's questions about death.
- Sixty Stories, 'Views of My Father Weeping'
A son investigates his father's death in a carriage accident while visions of the weeping father intrude.
- Sixty Stories, 'Florence Green is 81'
Portrait of an elderly rich woman and the hangers-on gathered around her.
- St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony, Vita tradition: flight from the father
The legendary incestuous threat and flight invite trauma-informed reading, while remaining a folktale-shaped hagiographic motif rather than secure biography.
- St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony, Geel shrine and colony
Mentally afflicted pilgrims and boarders are lodged first near the shrine and later in family homes, creating a premodern alternative to confinement.
- St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony, Nineteenth-century psychiatric visits to Geel
Alienists and reformers used Geel as evidence in debates over asylum limits, moral treatment, and whether chronic mental illness required institutional segregation.
- St. Patrick's Writings, Confessio I
Patrick's capture at roughly sixteen provides a rare late antique first-person account of adolescent enslavement.
- St. Patrick's Writings, Confessio X
The voice from Ireland is a central religious experience that later psychology might compare with conversion and vocation narratives.
- St. Patrick's Writings, Letter to Coroticus
Patrick's denunciation of killing and trafficking baptized captives preserves a moral response to slave-raiding and communal trauma.
- St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles, Edward Grim murder account
The violent wounds of martyrdom generate relic matter and connect political violence to later healing devotion.
- St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles, Water of St. Thomas
Blood mixed with water becomes a portable contact relic used externally and internally in healing stories.
- St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles, Benedict and William miracle collections
The collections record claims involving fever, blindness, paralysis, seizures, madness, leprosy, wounds, and accidents with unusually concrete social detail.
- St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania, Vitus cult notice
Vitus is invoked against epilepsy and becomes a Holy Helper, creating the devotional link between saint and convulsive illness.
- St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania, Hecker, Strasbourg dancing plague
Crowd dancing is routed toward chapels, masses, musicians, and civic management, a setting relevant to mass psychogenic illness and social stress.
- St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania, Hecker on Paracelsus
Paracelsus divides the disorder into kinds and treats some patients by coercive regimen, showing medicalization without modern therapeutic softness.
- Sts. Cosmas and Damian: Physician Saints, Anargyroi title
The saints are remembered as healers who do not take payment, making fees and charity central to the moral image of medicine.
- Sts. Cosmas and Damian: Physician Saints, Byzantine shrine incubation
Patients sleep at or near shrines, receive dream instructions, and report cures, blending ritual, expectation, and therapeutic authority.
- Sts. Cosmas and Damian: Physician Saints, Miracle of the black leg
The saints perform a miraculous limb replacement, making medieval viewers imagine diseased tissue, surgical instruments, donor bodies, and postoperative identity.
- Sts. Roch and Sebastian: Plague Saints, Roch at Aquapendente and Piacenza
Roch tends plague victims and then contracts plague himself, making the healer's exposure central to the legend.
- Sts. Roch and Sebastian: Plague Saints, Sebastian's arrows
Arrow wounds become a plague symbol, translating invisible epidemic danger into an image a viewer can recognize and pray before.
- Sts. Roch and Sebastian: Plague Saints, Council of Constance plague procession
The Roch tradition links public prayers and processions to epidemic cessation, showing ritual as civic plague response.
- Studies on Hysteria, Preliminary communication
The opening essay links symptoms to memory, affect, trauma, and altered states of consciousness.
- Studies on Hysteria, Anna O. case
Breuer's case history centers on catharsis, speech, dissociation, and the making of a therapeutic legend.
- Studies on Hysteria, Freud case histories
Freud turns symptom description into a search for hidden memories and conflicts.
- Summa Theologica, I, Q. 76, Art. 1
The intellectual soul as the form of the body and the single principle of nourishment, sensation, movement and understanding.
- Summa Theologica, I, QQ. 78–79
The powers of the soul: vegetative, external and internal senses (common sense, imagination, estimative power, memory) and intellect.
- Summa Theologica, I, Q. 84, Arts. 7–8
Understanding depends on phantasms; lesions in frenzy and lethargy impair it; sleep, vapours, fever-dreams and partly lucid dreams explained physiologically.
- Summa Theologica, I, Q. 91, Art. 3
The fitness of the human body: equable temperament, the largest brain relative to body size, upright posture, and the trade-off with smell and speed.
- Summa Theologica, I, Q. 111, Arts. 3–4
How angels or demons can move the imagination and senses, set against natural causes of dream-visions and hallucinations in disturbed humours.
- Summa Theologica, I-II, Q. 38 (not in stored text)
Remedies of sorrow: pleasure, weeping, the sympathy of friends, contemplation of truth, and sleep and baths, which restore the body's natural movement.
- Summa Theologica, II-II, Q. 64, Art. 5 (not in stored text)
Whether it is lawful to kill oneself: Aquinas's three arguments from natural self-love, the community and God's dominion over life.
- Testament of Youth, Part II (Camberwell)
First experiences as a VAD at the First London General Hospital, learning to dress wounds and confronting the realities of injury.
- Testament of Youth, Part II (Roland's death)
Brittain learns that Roland has died of wounds, and later receives his returned kit, still muddy and bloodstained.
- Testament of Youth, Part II (Malta)
Nursing in Malta, including her own illness during service there.
- Testament of Youth, Part II (Étaples)
Nursing German prisoners and, in spring 1918, gassed and badly wounded British soldiers in overwhelmed wards.
- Testament of Youth, Part II (Victor Richardson)
Victor, blinded by a wound to the head, is visited in a London hospital before dying of his injuries.
- Testament of Youth, Part III
Postwar Oxford: estrangement, numbness, nightmares and a period of distressing perceptions about her own face, followed by gradual recovery.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 6
Tom and Huck discuss folk cures for warts, including spunk-water and swinging a dead cat in a graveyard.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 9
Dr. Robinson, Muff Potter and Injun Joe dig up a fresh grave to obtain a body; Injun Joe murders the doctor.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 11
Tom's guilty conscience disturbs his sleep and he talks in his sleep, alarming Sid.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 12
Aunt Polly, infatuated with patent medicines, tries the water treatment and other remedies on a listless Tom, who gives the Pain-killer to the cat.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 22
Tom is laid up with measles for weeks while a revival sweeps the town.
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Ch. 33
Injun Joe is found dead of starvation behind the sealed cave door.
- The Aeneid, Book 2
Aeneas narrates the fall of Troy, Priam’s death and the loss of Creusa as survivor testimony.
- The Aeneid, Book 4
Dido’s passion, abandonment, curse and suicide dominate the Carthage episode.
- The Aeneid, Book 6
The Sibyl’s possession and Aeneas’ descent to the dead frame prophecy as an altered state.
- The Aeneid, Books 9–12
Battle scenes linger over wounds, young deaths and grieving parents.
- The Aeneid, Book 12
Aeneas kills Turnus after a flash of rage at Pallas’ belt.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Alexander 8
Aristotle's teaching gives Alexander a taste for medicine; he treats his friends when they are ill.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Alexander 19
Alexander falls ill after bathing in the cold Cydnus and drinks his physician Philip's draught while showing him an accusation of poisoning.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Alexander 50–52
In a drunken quarrel Alexander kills Cleitus, then lies prostrate with remorse for days.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Alexander 72
Hephaestion dies of fever after eating against his doctor's orders; Alexander has the physician executed and mourns extravagantly.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Alexander 75–77
Alexander's final fever at Babylon, day by day from the royal journals, with Plutarch's discussion of poisoning rumours.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Demosthenes 29–30
Demosthenes takes poison concealed in his pen to avoid capture by Macedonian agents.
- The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, Life of Agesilaus 2–3
Agesilaus' lameness and the oracle warning Sparta against a 'lame kingship'.
- The Agricola and the Germania, Agricola 43
Agricola's last illness, the emperor's physicians and freedmen visiting, and rumours of poison.
- The Agricola and the Germania, Agricola 45–46
Tacitus' lament and address to the dead Agricola, a classical consolation.
- The Agricola and the Germania, Germania 22–23
German drinking habits, quarrels at feasts, and deliberation over drink; their beer-like beverage.
- The Agricola and the Germania, Germania 27
Germanic funeral customs and mourning.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Democritus Junior to the Reader
Burton's confession of melancholy, his account of writing as occupation against it, and the satirical argument that the whole world is mad.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 1, Sect. 1, Memb. 1, Subs. 4–5; Memb. 3, Subs. 1
Distinctions between madness, frenzy, melancholy as disposition and melancholy as habit, and the definition of melancholy as dotage without fever, with fear and sadness.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 1, Sect. 2, Memb. 2, Subs. 5–7
Bad air, immoderate exercise, solitariness and idleness, and disordered sleeping and waking as causes of melancholy.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 1, Sect. 2, Memb. 3, Subs. 15
Overmuch study as a cause of madness, with the digression on the misery of scholars and why the Muses are melancholy.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 1, Sect. 3, Memb. 1, Subs. 2; Memb. 2
Symptoms in the mind: fear, sorrow, suspicion, jealousy, fixed delusions such as believing oneself made of glass, and the windy hypochondriacal melancholy.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 1, Sect. 4, Memb. 1
Prognostics of melancholy, including Burton's discussion of suicide among melancholics and the question of how such deaths should be judged.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 2, Sect. 2, Memb. 6, Subs. 3–4
Music, mirth, merry company and fair objects as remedies for a sorrowful heart, including a cup of strong drink.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 2, Sect. 4, Memb. 2, Subs. 1
Emetic simples, hellebore and antimony, and the double-edged praise and condemnation of tobacco.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 2, Sect. 5, Memb. 1, Subs. 2 and 6
Bloodletting for melancholy; correctors of insomnia and fearful dreams using poppy, mandrake, henbane, nightshade, hemp-seed and opiates.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 3, Sect. 2
Heroical or love-melancholy treated as a disease, with symptoms (wasting, sleeplessness, sighing) and cures from diet and labour to marriage.
- The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. 3, Sect. 4, Memb. 2, Subs. 2–6
Religious despair: definitions, causes in the devil, melancholy and terrifying preaching, symptoms of fear and anxiety, prognosis toward violent death, and cure by physic and good counsel.
- The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 4, treason trials
Informers and accusations create chronic fear and self-protective speech among elites.
- The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 12, death of Claudius traditions
Tacitus reports the famous poisoning tradition surrounding Claudius and succession.
- The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 14, murder of Agrippina
Nero’s attempts on his mother’s life turn family violence into imperial policy.
- The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 15, Seneca’s death
Seneca’s forced suicide is narrated as philosophical performance and political coercion.
- The Annals of Imperial Rome, Book 15, fire and Christians
The great fire and punishments of Christians show public trauma redirected into scapegoating.
- The Anti-Federalist Papers, Brutus on judicial and national power
Concerns over expansive federal authority anticipate later disputes about courts, rights, and public-health power.
- The Anti-Federalist Papers, Federal Farmer on amendments
The insistence on explicit rights informs later arguments over bodily liberty and legal protection.
- The Antichrist, Opening aphorisms
Nietzsche uses health, decadence, and instinct as evaluative language against Christian morality.
- The Antichrist, Pity sections
Pity is treated as a psychological and physiological danger rather than a virtue.
- The Antichrist, Priest critique
Priestly power is analyzed as a manipulation of suffering and guilt.
- The Art of the Commonplace, Agrarian membership
The Art of the Commonplace gives this tag concrete force through his medical relevance lies in public health broadly conceived: food systems, labor, ecological damage, loneliness, and the social conditions of flourishing
- The Art of the Commonplace, Technology and scale
The Art of the Commonplace gives this tag concrete force through his medical relevance lies in public health broadly conceived: food systems, labor, ecological damage, loneliness, and the social conditions of flourishing
- The Art of the Commonplace, Economy and care
The Art of the Commonplace gives this tag concrete force through his medical relevance lies in public health broadly conceived: food systems, labor, ecological damage, loneliness, and the social conditions of flourishing
- The Art of War, Ch. VIII.12–14
Five dangerous faults of a general (recklessness, cowardice, hasty temper, sensitivity to shame, over-solicitude for his men), with commentators' examples of generals ruined by each.
- The Art of War, Ch. IX.11–12
Armies prefer high, sunny ground; camping on hard ground near water and pasture keeps the army free from disease; commentators call low ground damp and unhealthy.
- The Art of War, Ch. XI.23–28
Troops in desperate straits lose fear and fight to the death; Sun Tzu describes soldiers weeping on the day of battle and then fighting with the courage of legendary heroes.
- The Art of War, Ch. XII.18–22
No ruler should fight from anger or a general from resentment; feelings pass, but the dead cannot be brought back to life.
- The Art of War, Book II
Roman soldiers made the weight of armour bearable by habituating their bodies to hardship; accustomed pains cease to be felt.
- The Art of War, Book VI
How Roman generals avoided disease: fleeing fens and injurious winds, reading local inhabitants' complexions, shelter, shade, water, timing of marches, physicians, and daily exercise.
- The Art of War, Book VII (General rules of war)
The maxim preferring to defeat an enemy by famine rather than by the sword.
- The Arthashastra, Book 1 (protection of the king)
Signs by which poisoned food and drink can be detected, and the role of physicians and antidotes in guarding the king.
- The Arthashastra, Book 2 (superintendent of liquor)
Regulation of the production and sale of alcoholic drinks and the conduct of drinking houses.
- The Arthashastra, Book 4 (protection against artisans and professionals)
Penalties for physicians whose treatment causes death or injury without notification to authorities.
- The Arthashastra, Book 4 (examination of sudden death)
Procedures for inspecting a corpse to determine whether death resulted from hanging, drowning, poison or violence.
- The Arthashastra, Book 4 (remedies against national calamities)
State measures against fire, flood, epidemic disease, famine and pests.
- The Arthashastra, Book 14
Recipes for poisons, injurious smokes and their counter-measures, used in secret warfare.
- The Bacchae and Other Plays, The Bacchae, prologue
Dionysus announces his punitive arrival and the women’s ecstatic departure to the mountain.
- The Bacchae and Other Plays, The Bacchae, first messenger speech
The bacchants nurse animals, strike the ground for water and wine, and tear cattle apart.
- The Bacchae and Other Plays, The Bacchae, Pentheus disguised
Pentheus’ desire to spy is manipulated through cross-dressing, fascination and altered perception.
- The Bacchae and Other Plays, The Bacchae, sparagmos
Agave and the bacchants dismember Pentheus while misrecognizing him as an animal.
- The Bacchae and Other Plays, The Bacchae, recognition scene
Agave gradually recognizes she carries her son’s head and enters catastrophic grief.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 1.28–1.47
Arjuna's physical and emotional collapse: trembling, dry mouth, burning skin, a reeling mind and refusal to fight.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 2.11–2.30
Krishna's argument that the wise grieve neither for the living nor the dead, because the self is eternal.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 2.54–2.72
Portrait of the person of steady wisdom, unmoved by pleasure and pain, who withdraws the senses as a tortoise draws in its limbs.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 6.16–6.17
Yoga is not for one who eats or sleeps too much or too little; moderation in food, recreation, sleep and waking.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 11
The vision of Krishna's universal form, which leaves Arjuna terrified, bewildered and trembling.
- The Bhagavad Gita, Ch. 17.7–17.10
Foods classified as sattvic, rajasic and tamasic, with their effects on health, mood and vitality.
- The Bible, Leviticus 13–14
Laws for priestly diagnosis, isolation outside the camp and purification of 'leprosy' in people, garments and houses.
- The Bible, 1 Samuel 16:14–23; 18:10–11
Saul's evil spirit, David's harp, and Saul's later violent episodes.
- The Bible, Daniel 4
Nebuchadnezzar is driven from men and eats grass like oxen until his reason returns.
- The Bible, 2 Kings 4:18–37
Elisha restores the Shunammite woman's dead son by lying upon him, mouth to mouth.
- The Bible, 2 Kings 20:1–7 / Isaiah 38
Hezekiah's mortal illness and the lump of figs laid on his boil.
- The Bible, Mark 5:1–20
The Gadarene demoniac, bound with chains among the tombs, healed by Jesus.
- The Bible, Mark 5:25–34
The woman with an issue of blood for twelve years who had spent all she had on physicians and grew worse.
- The Bible, Matthew 17:14–18; Mark 9:17–29
The boy described as 'lunatick' who falls into fire and water, foams and is rigid, often read as epilepsy.
- The Bible, Genesis 35:16–20
Rachel dies in hard labour giving birth to Benjamin.
- The Bible, 2 Samuel 24
A pestilence kills seventy thousand after David's census.
- The Birth of Tragedy, Attempt at Self-Criticism, §1
Nietzsche recalls convalescing from a disease brought home from the war and asks whether Socratism and scientific optimism are symptoms of decline and disease.
- The Birth of Tragedy, §1
Dream as the physiological basis of Apollonian art, including the sense that the dream is mere appearance; intoxication by narcotic draught as the basis of Dionysian art; the St. John's and St. Vitus's dancers.
- The Birth of Tragedy, §2
Contrast between Greek Dionysian festivals and the sexual licence and cruelty of barbarian orgies, which Nietzsche calls a mixture of lust and cruelty.
- The Birth of Tragedy, §3
The wisdom of Silenus, that it is best not to be born and next best to die soon, as the pessimistic ground of Greek art.
- The Birth of Tragedy, §7
The lethargic gulf of oblivion after Dionysian ecstasy; return to everyday reality brings nausea and an ascetic, will-paralysing mood; art as a healing enchantress.
- The Birth of Tragedy, §§13–15
Socrates' daemon as a warning instinct, the dying Socrates, and the faith that knowledge can heal the eternal wound of existence.
- The Brothers Karamazov, The Karamazov household
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Brothers Karamazov, Rebellion and holiness
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Brothers Karamazov, Murder and trial
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Brothers Karamazov, Murder and trial
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Brothers Karamazov, Murder and trial
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Brothers Karamazov, Murder and trial
The Brothers Karamazov gives this tag concrete force through its medical material includes epilepsy, hysteria, alcoholism, trauma, patricidal obsession, suicidal despair, and the contagious psychology of families
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'Dagon'
Narrator's morphine dependence, terror and suicidal resolve after his vision of the sea creature.
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'Herbert West—Reanimator', Parts I–II
Medical students steal fresh corpses for reanimation trials; a typhoid epidemic in Arkham supplies bodies and kills the medical dean.
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family'
A family history of madness and 'taint' culminating in Arthur Jermyn's self-immolation.
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'Cool Air'
Dr Muñoz keeps his dead body functioning through artificial refrigeration until the machinery fails.
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'The Call of Cthulhu', Section I
Wilcox's fevered dreams and delirium; reports of worldwide nightmares, panic and asylum admissions among sensitives.
- The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, 'The Colour Out of Space'
The Gardner family sicken, grow grey and brittle, and lose their minds as the colour poisons the land.
- The Civil War, Book I.48–52
Floods cut Caesar's army off from supply near Ilerda; famine prices and hardship in the camp until the bridges are restored.
- The Civil War, Book I.81–84
The Pompeian army in Spain, cut off from water and forage, kills its baggage animals and surrenders.
- The Civil War, Book II.22
Massilia's surrender after famine and a fatal pestilence attributed to confinement and old millet and barley.
- The Civil War, Book II.41–42
Curio's exhausted and wounded men cannot break out; Curio refuses flight and fights until killed.
- The Civil War, Book III.47–49
Dyrrachium: Caesar's troops eat chara bread and bark; Pompey's army suffers from foul smells, carcasses, hard labour and lack of water after Caesar dams the streams.
- The Civil War, Book III.75–78
After the defeat at Dyrrachium Caesar delays only to care for the sick and wounded and sends them to Apollonia before retreating.
- The Civil War, Book III.87
Labienus describes Caesar's veterans as wasted by autumn pestilence in Italy, with invalid cohorts at Brundisium.
- The Communist Manifesto, Bourgeois and proletarians
The Communist Manifesto gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance lies in social medicine: labor conditions, poverty, urbanization, family disruption, and the political diagnosis of suffering
- The Communist Manifesto, Communists and demands
The Communist Manifesto gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance lies in social medicine: labor conditions, poverty, urbanization, family disruption, and the political diagnosis of suffering
- The Communist Manifesto, Rivals and conclusion
The Communist Manifesto gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance lies in social medicine: labor conditions, poverty, urbanization, family disruption, and the political diagnosis of suffering
- The Complete Poems, Song of Myself
The speaker's celebration of bodies, breath, touch, labor and sexuality makes embodiment central to democratic vision.
- The Complete Poems, I Sing the Body Electric
The poem treats the human body as spiritually charged and socially meaningful.
- The Complete Poems, Drum-Taps
The Civil War poems move through camps, hospitals, wounds, deathbeds and nursing care.
- The Complete Poems, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
Whitman's Lincoln elegy turns national mourning into ritualized grief and meditation on death.
- The Complete Poems, Late poems
Whitman's later work reflects aging, bodily limitation and spiritual persistence.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book I.39–41
Panic spreads through Caesar's army before facing Ariovistus, with soldiers making wills and weeping in their tents; Caesar restores morale by a speech.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book V.35–40
Cotta wounded in the face by a sling during the ambush; in Cicero's besieged camp even the sick and wounded get no rest, and the ill commander works through the nights.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book VI.13–16
Druid teaching on memory and the soul's survival; those suffering severe diseases vow human sacrifices to win back the gods' favour.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book VII.17
The Roman army before Avaricum goes days without corn, living on cattle driven in from distant villages.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book VII.77–78
Critognatus's speech proposing cannibalism, and the Mandubii, including old and sick people unfit for war, expelled from Alesia and refused food at the Roman lines.
- The Conquest of Gaul, Book VIII.44
Defenders of Uxellodunum have their hands cut off; the captive Drappes starves himself to death.
- The Consolation of Philosophy, Book 1, opening
Boethius lies grieving in prison until Philosophy appears and diagnoses his condition.
- The Consolation of Philosophy, Book 1, expulsion of the Muses
Poetic consolers are called sweet but injurious physicians who nourish the disease.
- The Consolation of Philosophy, Book 2
Fortune’s mutability is reframed so loss becomes expected rather than metaphysically shocking.
- The Consolation of Philosophy, Book 3
External goods are shown unable to produce true happiness or secure identity.
- The Consolation of Philosophy, Book 5
Providence and freedom are reconciled to preserve responsibility in the face of death.
- The Cost of Discipleship, Part One, Discipleship and the Cross
Suffering and rejection are presented as the mark of the follower; the call is described as a summons to die to the old self.
- The Cost of Discipleship, Part Two, Matthew 6 (hidden righteousness)
Bonhoeffer argues that good deeds must be hidden even from oneself and that reflective self-observation destroys them, a theme relevant to scrupulosity and perfectionism.
- The Cost of Discipleship, Part Two, Matthew 5 (the enemy)
Love of enemies and refusal of retaliation are read as concrete commands, written amid persecution of Jews and dissenters.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Château d'If chapters (before 'Number 34 and Number 27')
Dantès, despairing in solitary confinement, resolves to die by refusing food.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Château d'If chapters ('The Abbé's Chamber' to 'The Cemetery of the Château d'If')
Faria's cataleptic attacks, treated with drops of a red liquid; the third attack kills him.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Rome section ('Sinbad the Sailor')
Franz eats hashish in the Count's grotto on Monte Cristo and experiences vivid visions.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Paris section ('Toxicology')
Monte Cristo discusses poisons, tolerance and the medicinal and lethal effects of drugs with Madame de Villefort.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Paris section (Noirtier chapters)
Noirtier, paralysed and speechless, makes his will and his wishes known through eye signals.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Paris section (Saint-Méran and Barrois deaths)
Successive poisonings in the Villefort household; Dr d'Avrigny diagnoses poison and confronts Villefort.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Late Paris section ('Locusta' and following)
Monte Cristo substitutes a narcotic that simulates death to save Valentine from poisoning.
- The Count of Monte Cristo, Final chapters
Madame de Villefort poisons herself and her son; Villefort loses his reason.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 1
The widow tells Peter Ivanovich of her husband's three days of incessant screaming before death.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 3–4
The fall against a window frame, the pain in the side, the strange taste in the mouth, and the first consultation with a celebrated doctor.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 4–5
Competing diagnoses (floating kidney, appendix); Ivan Ilyich reads medical books and becomes absorbed in his symptoms.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 6
The Caius syllogism: he cannot accept that the logic of mortality applies to himself.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 7
The lie that he is only ill torments him; Gerasim holds his legs on his shoulders for hours and speaks honestly of death.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 8
Opium and morphine for pain and sleeplessness; the doctor's routine visit; the family goes to the theatre.
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Ch. 12
Three days of screaming, the sensation of being pushed into a black sack, then light and the end of fear.
- The Descent of Man, Part I, Chs. 2-5
Darwin treats mental faculties, moral sense, and social instincts as continuous with animal life.
- The Descent of Man, Sexual selection chapters
The account of mate choice and sex difference influenced later biological and medical thinking about sexuality.
- The Descent of Man, Race and inheritance sections
Victorian heredity and racial assumptions show both the influence and the danger of evolutionary medicine.
- The Divine Comedy, Inferno
The Divine Comedy gives this tag concrete force through dante is rich for the history of mind: despair, fear, grief, bodily torment, purgative healing, visionary states, and spiritual therapy structure the journey
- The Divine Comedy, Purgatorio
The Divine Comedy gives this tag concrete force through dante is rich for the history of mind: despair, fear, grief, bodily torment, purgative healing, visionary states, and spiritual therapy structure the journey
- The Divine Comedy, Paradiso
The Divine Comedy gives this tag concrete force through dante is rich for the history of mind: despair, fear, grief, bodily torment, purgative healing, visionary states, and spiritual therapy structure the journey
- The Divine Comedy, Paradiso
The Divine Comedy gives this tag concrete force through dante is rich for the history of mind: despair, fear, grief, bodily torment, purgative healing, visionary states, and spiritual therapy structure the journey
- The Divine Comedy, Paradiso
The Divine Comedy gives this tag concrete force through dante is rich for the history of mind: despair, fear, grief, bodily torment, purgative healing, visionary states, and spiritual therapy structure the journey
- The Early Christian Creeds, Apostles' Creed, articles on birth, death and resurrection
The creed moves through conception, birth, suffering, death, burial and bodily resurrection, offering a compact theology of embodied life.
- The Early Christian Creeds, Nicene Creed (325), article on the incarnation
The Son's descent and incarnation connect metaphysical claims about God to the healing and salvation of human life.
- The Early Christian Creeds, Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (381), life of the world to come
The final hope of resurrection and future life functions as consolation in the face of death and communal suffering.
- The Early Christian Creeds, Chalcedonian Definition (451), two natures
Chalcedon's insistence that Christ is fully human protects the reality of embodied suffering from being treated as merely apparent.
- The Early Christian Creeds, Athanasian Creed, opening and closing warnings
The creed's severe salvation clauses show how doctrinal therapy can become anxious boundary policing as well as communal reassurance.
- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Principles chapters
Darwin makes emotional expression a biological phenomenon governed by habit, antithesis, and nervous discharge.
- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Suffering and anxiety chapters
Descriptions of grief, fear, anxiety, and bodily signs are useful for histories of affect and psychiatry.
- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Observation methods
Photographs, questionnaires, children, and animals show nineteenth-century methods for studying emotion.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Marius 6
Marius has the varicose veins of one leg cut out without restraint, then refuses surgery on the other.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Marius 45
Marius, aged and drinking heavily, falls ill with pleurisy and in delirium imagines himself fighting Mithridates.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Sulla 36
Sulla's final illness, described as an infestation of lice and an internal ulcer, ending in a haemorrhage.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Pompey 57
Pompey's serious illness at Naples and Italy-wide celebrations at his recovery.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Caesar 17
Caesar's epilepsy and his use of hard living on campaign as a remedy for his weak health.
- The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives, Life of Caesar 63
Calpurnia's nightmare and other portents before the Ides of March.
- The Federalist Papers, Federalist 10
Faction is analyzed as a persistent condition whose causes cannot be removed without destroying liberty.
- The Federalist Papers, Federalist 51
Checks and balances are presented as structural safeguards against predictable human impulses.
- The Founding Documents, Bill of Rights, due process and bodily protections
Rights language later shapes legal questions about bodily integrity, confinement, treatment, and punishment.
- The Founding Documents, Constitution, federal and state powers
The division of authority becomes central to American public-health law and emergency power.
- The Gay Science, Preface and convalescence frame
Nietzsche links philosophy, illness, recovery, gratitude, and the discipline of cheerfulness.
- The Gay Science, Madman aphorism
The death of God is presented through a figure whose apparent madness carries cultural diagnosis.
- The Gay Science, Eternal recurrence aphorism
The thought experiment tests whether suffering and joy can be affirmed together.
- The Golden Ass, Book 3
Lucius applies the wrong magical ointment and becomes a donkey while retaining human mind.
- The Golden Ass, Books 4–6
Cupid and Psyche explores forbidden sight, trials and divine affliction inside the larger transformation plot.
- The Golden Ass, Books 4–10
Lucius as ass suffers beating, hunger, overwork and repeated threat from human owners.
- The Golden Ass, Book 10
Plans to exhibit Lucius in a sexual spectacle expose bodily exploitation and public entertainment.
- The Golden Ass, Book 11
Isis restores Lucius through ritual procession and roses, framing recovery as religious initiation.
- The Golden Legend: Popular Saints, Life of St. George
The healing fountain attached to George's church shows how martyr cult could become a site for illness narratives.
- The Golden Legend: Popular Saints, Life of St. Lucy
Lucy's later eye patronage and martyrdom narratives make her important for the history of blindness devotion and ocular symbolism.
- The Golden Legend: Popular Saints, Life of St. Valentine and later cult
Valentine was invoked against epilepsy in parts of medieval and early modern Europe, a strand separate from the later romance holiday.
- The Golden Legend: Popular Saints, Lives of plague and danger saints in the Golden Legend tradition
Roch, Sebastian, Barbara, and Christopher show how sudden communal or occupational risks were organized through saints before modern public health.
- The Histories, Book 1.105; 4.67
The Scythian Enarees, men afflicted by a 'female disease', said to be punishment for plundering a temple.
- The Histories, Book 1.197
The Babylonians, having no physicians, carry the sick into the market so passers-by can advise them.
- The Histories, Book 2.84–88
Egyptian medical specialization and the three grades of embalming, with removal of brain and viscera.
- The Histories, Book 3.29–38
Cambyses' madness, his killing of the Apis bull, and Herodotus' suggestion that he had the 'sacred disease'.
- The Histories, Book 3.129–137
Democedes of Croton heals Darius' dislocated ankle and Atossa's breast growth, then escapes to Greece.
- The Histories, Book 4.73–75
Scythians purify themselves after funerals by inhaling hemp-seed vapour in felt tents.
- The Histories, Book 6.75, 84
Cleomenes goes mad and mutilates himself with a knife; the Spartans blame his habit of drinking unmixed wine.
- The Histories, Book 7.12–18
Xerxes' and Artabanus' recurring dreams urging the invasion, with a discussion of whether dreams are meaningful.
- The Histories, Book 8.115
Plague and dysentery afflict Xerxes' army on its retreat through Thrace.
- The History of the Church, Books 5–6, martyr narratives
Accounts of imprisoned and tortured Christians make bodily suffering central to communal memory.
- The History of the Church, Book 6, Origen traditions
Ascetic discipline and bodily renunciation are framed as scholarly and spiritual seriousness.
- The History of the Church, Books 8–9, Great Persecution
Executions, mutilations, mines and prisons under Diocletian dominate the late narrative.
- The History of the Church, Book 9, crisis and relief
Social catastrophe, famine and disease imagery accompany persecution and political upheaval.
- The History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 2.47–54
The plague enters Athens and produces fever, inflamed eyes, throat distress, ulcers, thirst, diarrhea and high mortality.
- The History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 2.51–53
Caregivers die, laws lose force, burial customs collapse and despair spreads through the crowded city.
- The History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 3.82–84
Civil war at Corcyra transforms language and behavior under fear and factional hatred.
- The History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 7.75–87
The Sicilian retreat culminates in thirst, slaughter, imprisonment in quarries and catastrophic defeat.
- The Iliad, Book 1.43–52
Apollo shoots his arrows into the Greek camp, killing first mules and dogs and then men, for nine days.
- The Iliad, Book 4.190–219
Machaon is summoned to treat Menelaus' arrow wound: he draws the arrow, sucks out the blood and applies healing herbs.
- The Iliad, Book 5
Diomedes' rampage: detailed anatomical wounds, and the healing of the wounded gods by the divine physician Paieon.
- The Iliad, Book 11.504–520
Machaon is wounded and carried from the field; the healer is said to be worth many men.
- The Iliad, Book 11.828–848
Patroclus cuts the arrow from Eurypylus' thigh, washes the wound, and applies a bitter, pain-killing root.
- The Iliad, Book 18.22–35
Achilles learns of Patroclus' death: he pours ashes on his head, tears his hair and groans so terribly that Antilochus fears he will cut his own throat.
- The Iliad, Book 19
Achilles refuses food before battle; Athena sustains him with nectar and ambrosia.
- The Iliad, Book 24.1–18
Achilles, sleepless, weeps and drags Hector's body around Patroclus' tomb each dawn.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter I
Survey of external, internal sensory and organic stimuli as causes of dreams, including experiments on sleepers and the views of physicians and psychiatrists on dreams and insanity.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter II, the dream of Irma's injection
A patient with hysterical symptoms, a throat examination revealing white patches, colleagues diagnosing infection and blaming an injection given with an unclean syringe; Freud's analysis of his own professional guilt.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter IV
Anxiety and unpleasant dreams, the dreams of patients that seem to contradict the theory, and the introduction of the censor and dream distortion.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter V, typical dreams
Dreams of embarrassment at nakedness, examination dreams and dreams of the death of loved persons, leading to the Oedipus and Hamlet readings and the discussion of childhood sexuality and sibling rivalry.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter VII, opening
The dream of the burning child, reported by a patient from a lecture, and Freud's account of how external perception and grief enter a dream.
- The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter VII, sections on regression and wish-fulfilment
The model of the psychic apparatus, regression to perception in hallucinatory dreams, and the relation of dreams to the psychoneuroses, hysterical symptoms and psychosis.
- The Jewish War, Book 1, late Herod narrative
Herod the Great's final illness is described through bodily pain, feverish symptoms, ulceration and futile attempts at relief before his death.
- The Jewish War, Book 3, siege of Jotapata
Roman siege engines, wounds, exhaustion, fear and Josephus' survival after a collective death pact make the campaign a study in injury and combat psychology.
- The Jewish War, Book 5, Jerusalem under siege
Crowding, corpses, factional violence and the shrinking food supply turn Jerusalem into a public health crisis before the final assault.
- The Jewish War, Book 6, famine in Jerusalem
The famine reaches its most extreme form, including the story of a mother driven to cannibalism, which Josephus uses as a sign of social and bodily collapse.
- The Jewish War, Book 6, burning of the Temple
The final fighting around the Temple brings fire, crush injuries, slaughter and mass death in a sacred precinct.
- The Jewish War, Book 7, Masada
The Masada episode presents collective suicide as a response to enslavement and defeat, requiring careful historical and ethical reading.
- The Journey of the Mind into God, Prologue at La Verna
The Journey of the Mind into God gives this tag concrete force through the work is not clinical, but its language of the mind, affection, illumination, ecstasy, and disciplined desire belongs to philosophy as therapy
- The Journey of the Mind into God, Through the world
The Journey of the Mind into God gives this tag concrete force through the work is not clinical, but its language of the mind, affection, illumination, ecstasy, and disciplined desire belongs to philosophy as therapy
- The Journey of the Mind into God, Within and beyond the mind
The Journey of the Mind into God gives this tag concrete force through the work is not clinical, but its language of the mind, affection, illumination, ecstasy, and disciplined desire belongs to philosophy as therapy
- The Koran, Sura 2:183–185
Fasting in Ramadan, with exemptions for the sick and travellers.
- The Koran, Sura 2:219; 5:90–91
Wine and gambling: first described as containing sin and some benefit, later forbidden as works of Satan.
- The Koran, Sura 2:233
Mothers to nurse their children for two full years.
- The Koran, Sura 4:29
Command not to kill yourselves (or each other), interpreted as forbidding suicide.
- The Koran, Sura 3:49; 5:110
Jesus heals the blind and the leper and raises the dead by God's permission.
- The Koran, Sura 16:68–69
Bees produce a drink of varying colours in which there is healing for people.
- The Koran, Sura 19:23–26
Mary's labour pains beneath a palm tree; she is told to eat dates and drink from a stream.
- The Koran, Sura 23:12–14
Stages of human creation in the womb.
- The Koran, Sura 38:41–44
Job, afflicted by Satan with distress and suffering, is told to strike the ground and finds cool water to wash and drink.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Guigemar'
The rebounding arrow wounds Guigemar in the thigh; the hind prophesies that only a woman's love can heal him.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Bisclavret'
The baron's periodic transformation into a werewolf and his confession to his wife.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Les Deus Amanz'
A strengthening potion from a relative at Salerno; the lover refuses it and dies of exhaustion at the summit.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Yonec'
The hawk-knight is impaled on the spikes at the window and bleeds to death.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Chaitivel'
The surviving suitor is wounded in the thigh, alive but unable to enjoy love.
- The Lais of Marie de France, 'Eliduc'
Guilliadun falls into a deathlike swoon and is revived with a red flower used by a weasel to restore its mate.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Apology 31c–d; 40a–c
Socrates' divine sign, an inner voice that only ever restrains him, and its silence on the day of the trial.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Apology 40c–41c
Death as either a dreamless sleep or a journey to converse with the dead: neither is to be feared.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Crito 47a–48a
Analogy of the trainer and physician: one should heed the expert, not the many, about health of body and soul.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Phaedo 60e–62c
Socrates' recurring dream telling him to make music, and his argument that suicide is wrong until the god sends necessity.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Phaedo 64a–68b
Philosophy as practice for death: the soul's freeing from the body's distractions and diseases.
- The Last Days of Socrates, Phaedo 116a–118a
The bath, the farewell, the friends' weeping, the drinking of the hemlock and the ascending numbness until death.
- The Major Symptoms of Hysteria, Lectures I-II
Janet defines hysteria through psychological dissociation and lowered integrative capacity.
- The Major Symptoms of Hysteria, Symptom lectures
Anesthesia, paralysis, contracture, amnesia, and crises are treated as disturbances of function and synthesis.
- The Major Symptoms of Hysteria, Fixed ideas
Janet connects persistent traumatic or emotional ideas to bodily and mental symptoms.
- The Master and Margarita, Part One, Ch. 2
Pilate suffers an excruciating hemicrania during the interrogation; Yeshua perceives it and it lifts.
- The Master and Margarita, Part One, Ch. 6–8
Ivan's arrival at the clinic in his underwear, his sedation, and his interview with Professor Stravinsky.
- The Master and Margarita, Part One, Ch. 13
The Master tells Ivan of his novel's persecution, his fear, the burning of the manuscript and his flight to the clinic.
- The Master and Margarita, Part Two, Ch. 23
Satan's ball: Margarita receives a procession of poisoners and murderers from history.
- The Master and Margarita, Epilogue
Ivan, now a professor, is restless at each spring full moon, dreams of Pilate, and is calmed by an injection from his wife.
- The Meek One, Author's preface
Dostoyevsky describes the narrator's state of shock and disordered thinking hours after the suicide.
- The Meek One, Part One, Ch. 5–6
The wife stands over her husband with a revolver at his temple while he feigns sleep.
- The Meek One, Part Two, Ch. 1
Her prolonged fever; the narrator arranges a doctor and nursing care; her silent withdrawal afterwards.
- The Meek One, Part Two, Ch. 3–4
Her jump from the window holding an icon, Lukerya's account, and the narrator's anguish over the body.
- The Metaphysical Poets, John Donne, 'Hymn to God, my God, in my Sickness'
Donne, on what he believes is his deathbed, imagines his physicians as cosmographers reading his body as a flat map.
- The Metaphysical Poets, John Donne, 'A Fever'
The poet addresses his feverish mistress, arguing that the world will perish if she dies.
- The Metaphysical Poets, John Donne, 'A Nocturnal upon St Lucy's Day'
A meditation on the longest night in which the speaker describes himself as the quintessence of nothingness after a loved one's death.
- The Metaphysical Poets, George Herbert, 'Affliction (I)'
Herbert recounts how sickness and setbacks wasted his youth, and his complaint against God.
- The Metaphysical Poets, Andrew Marvell, 'A Dialogue between the Soul and Body'
Soul and Body each complain of imprisonment by the other, with images of bones, nerves and diseases.
- The Metaphysical Poets, Henry King, 'An Exequy to his Matchless Never to be Forgotten Friend'
King's elegy for his young wife, longing to join her in the grave.
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, The Misanthrope, subtitle and Act 1, Scene 1
Alceste's black humour and contempt for society, framed by the subtitle 'The Atrabilious Lover' (atrabile = black bile).
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, A Doctor in Spite of Himself, Act 2
Sganarelle, disguised as a physician, diagnoses Lucinde's feigned dumbness with Latin nonsense and reversed anatomy.
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, The Imaginary Invalid, Act 1, Scene 1
Argan audits his apothecary's bill for enemas, purges and draughts.
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, The Imaginary Invalid, Act 2
The Diafoiruses visit; young Thomas Diafoirus boasts of rejecting the circulation of the blood; the doctors examine Argan.
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, The Imaginary Invalid, Act 3
Monsieur Purgon curses Argan with a cascade of diseases; Toinette, disguised as a doctor, prescribes absurd remedies; Argan feigns death to test his family.
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, The Imaginary Invalid, final interlude
Burlesque Latin ceremony admitting Argan to the medical profession.
- The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Ch. 2-3
The Ariel voyage exposes Pym and Augustus to intoxication, storm, near drowning and rescue after impaired judgment at sea.
- The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Ch. 4-7
Pym's confinement in the Grampus hold combines darkness, foul air, hunger, thirst, fear and possible delirious misperception.
- The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Ch. 10-12
After mutiny and storm, the survivors face wounds, thirst and starvation on the wreck before drawing lots for cannibalism.
- The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Final chapters
The flight from Tsalal into the polar unknown produces terror, exhaustion and visionary perception at the edge of narrative collapse.
- The New York Trilogy, City of Glass, opening chapters
Quinn's bereavement, pseudonymous writing life and willingness to answer a call meant for another person set up identity as a fragile compensatory structure.
- The New York Trilogy, City of Glass, Peter Stillman's history
Peter Stillman's childhood confinement by his father links language deprivation, abuse and religious theory.
- The New York Trilogy, City of Glass, surveillance of Stillman
Quinn maps Stillman's walks into patterns and lets the case consume sleep, home and ordinary social reality.
- The New York Trilogy, Ghosts
Blue's assignment to watch Black becomes a closed circuit of isolation, projection and increasingly paranoid interpretation.
- The New York Trilogy, The Locked Room
The narrator's fixation on Fanshawe turns literary stewardship into rivalry, envy and self-loss.
- The Nibelungenlied, Aventiure 3
Siegfried's dragon-blood invulnerability leaves one concealed vulnerable spot, making the hero's body both magical and anatomically fragile.
- The Nibelungenlied, Aventiure 16
Hagen kills Siegfried by striking the hidden vulnerable place while the hero drinks at a spring.
- The Nibelungenlied, Aventiure 17-19
Kriemhild's mourning over Siegfried's body becomes the emotional and political source of the revenge plot.
- The Nibelungenlied, Aventiure 33-39
The fighting in Etzel's hall emphasizes wounds, exhaustion, burning, thirst and the mass death of warriors trapped by honor.
- The Nicomachean Ethics, Book 2
Virtue arises from habituated action, with pleasure and pain as signs of character formation.
- The Nicomachean Ethics, Book 3
Voluntary action, choice and deliberation define responsibility and agency.
- The Nicomachean Ethics, Book 7
Akrasia examines knowing the better course but acting under appetite or pleasure.
- The Nicomachean Ethics, Books 8–9
Friendship is necessary for life and helps sustain virtue and self-knowledge.
- The Nicomachean Ethics, Book 10
The final account of happiness links pleasure, contemplation and a complete life.
- The Odyssey, Book 4
Helen mixes a drug into wine that suppresses grief and anger, a striking ancient fantasy of pharmacological emotional control.
- The Odyssey, Book 5
Odysseus is shipwrecked, battered and washed ashore exhausted, showing exposure, pain and recovery at the edge of death.
- The Odyssey, Book 9
The Lotus-Eaters offer a plant that dissolves the will to return, making appetite and drugged forgetting enemies of homecoming.
- The Odyssey, Book 10
Circe's potion transforms men into swine; Hermes provides moly as protective antidote before Odysseus confronts her.
- The Odyssey, Book 11
The underworld journey stages grief, memory, sacrificial blood and conversation with the dead.
- The Odyssey, Books 19 and 23
Odysseus's scar is recognized by Eurycleia, and the marriage bed confirms identity, joining wound memory to bodily recognition.
- The Old Man and the Sea, Eighty-four days
The Old Man and the Sea gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is practical and bodily: age, cramps, hand wounds, exhaustion, starvation, pain tolerance, and the dignity of care between santiago and manolin
- The Old Man and the Sea, The marlin
The Old Man and the Sea gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is practical and bodily: age, cramps, hand wounds, exhaustion, starvation, pain tolerance, and the dignity of care between santiago and manolin
- The Old Man and the Sea, The sharks
The Old Man and the Sea gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is practical and bodily: age, cramps, hand wounds, exhaustion, starvation, pain tolerance, and the dignity of care between santiago and manolin
- The Old Man and the Sea, The sharks
The Old Man and the Sea gives this tag concrete force through its medical lens is practical and bodily: age, cramps, hand wounds, exhaustion, starvation, pain tolerance, and the dignity of care between santiago and manolin
- The Oresteia, Agamemnon, Cassandra scene
Cassandra foresees murder, ancestral crimes and her own death while the chorus struggles to understand her.
- The Oresteia, Agamemnon, murder aftermath
Clytemnestra presents the killing as payment for Iphigenia and reveals grief turned into lethal purpose.
- The Oresteia, Libation Bearers, tomb scene
Electra and Orestes perform mourning at Agamemnon’s grave and convert lament into revenge.
- The Oresteia, Libation Bearers, ending
Orestes sees the Furies immediately after killing Clytemnestra and flees in terror.
- The Oresteia, Eumenides, opening and trial
The Furies embody pursuit, sleepless accusation and blood guilt until redirected by Athena.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part One, opening articles (c. Art. 7–16)
Brief description of the body's parts: the heat in the heart, circulation of the blood, the animal spirits formed in the brain and travelling through the nerves to move the muscles.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part One (c. Art. 30–34)
The soul joined to the whole body but exercising its functions chiefly in a small gland in the middle of the brain, which the spirits move and which in turn moves the spirits.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part One, final articles (c. Art. 45–50)
The soul's indirect power over the passions; habits that join movements of the gland to thoughts; the example of training animals; the claim that no soul is so weak that it cannot acquire mastery.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part Two (c. Art. 96–111)
Movements of blood and spirits, and changes of pulse, heat and digestion, in love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness; why love is good for health and sadness weakens the appetite.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part Two (c. Art. 112–135)
External signs of the passions: changes of colour, trembling, languor, fainting, laughter, tears, groans and sighs, each explained by the motion of blood and spirits.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part Two (c. Art. 136)
Strange aversions in some people, such as an inability to bear the smell of roses or the presence of a cat, explained by impressions received in infancy.
- The Passions of the Soul, Part Three, closing articles (c. Art. 211–212)
A general remedy: in a strong passion, recall that the imagination exaggerates and wait for the agitation of the blood to calm before acting.
- The Persian Expedition, Book I, Chapter VIII
At Cunaxa Cyrus wounds Artaxerxes through his corselet; Ctesias the physician states he healed the wound. Cyrus is struck under the eye by a javelin and killed.
- The Persian Expedition, Book III, Chapter I
Xenophon's distress, insomnia and dream of lightning striking his father's house, which he interprets as both promise and warning before taking command.
- The Persian Expedition, Book III, Chapter IV
Eight surgeons are appointed; the army halts three days for its many wounded, and so many men are carrying the wounded that marching and fighting become impossible together.
- The Persian Expedition, Book IV, Chapter V
The Armenian snows: deep drifts, a north wind, men dying overnight without fire or food, hunger-faintness, snow-blindness and frostbitten toes, with practical remedies.
- The Persian Expedition, Book IV, Chapter VIII
Mass poisoning by wild honey: dose-dependent intoxication, vomiting, diarrhoea, inability to stand, delirium and collapse, with recovery after a day and convalescence over three to four days.
- The Persian Expedition, Book V, Chapter VIII
Xenophon's defence at the army's audit: he struck men who left the disabled behind or tried to bury a living comrade, and forced stragglers to keep moving to prevent freezing.
- The Portable Dorothy Parker, Big Blonde
Hazel Morse's party persona, drinking, depressive decline and suicide attempt make the story central for alcoholism and gendered despair.
- The Portable Dorothy Parker, A Telephone Call
The unnamed speaker's waiting becomes a loop of bargaining, self-reproach and anxious dependence.
- The Portable Dorothy Parker, Selected poems on suicide and heartbreak
Several short lyrics use comic form to stage suicidal thought, romantic despair and the social performance of toughness.
- The Portable Dorothy Parker, The Lovely Leave
A wartime reunion compresses longing, resentment, panic and bodily expectation into a brief domestic interval.
- The Portable Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury selections
Benjy's sensory narrative, Caddy's absence and Quentin's breakdown foreground disability, grief, time disturbance and suicidal despair.
- The Portable Faulkner, As I Lay Dying selections
The Bundrens' journey with Addie's corpse centers childbirth, death care, injury, heat, smell and family endurance.
- The Portable Faulkner, Light in August selections
Joe Christmas's alienation and the violence around racial identity invite discussion of trauma, heredity myths and social pathology.
- The Portable Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! selections
Sutpen's dynastic design and its collapse link racial violence, obsession, family secrets and intergenerational damage.
- The Portrait of a Lady, Early Gardencourt chapters
Ralph's chronic illness shapes his observational life, his limited mobility and his imaginative investment in Isabel's freedom.
- The Portrait of a Lady, Mr. Touchett's final illness
Inheritance is decided at a sickbed, linking money, care, mortality and Ralph's experiment in enabling Isabel.
- The Portrait of a Lady, Rome marriage chapters
Isabel's life with Osmond is marked by constriction, watchfulness and psychological coercion rather than overt physical violence.
- The Portrait of a Lady, Ralph's deathbed
Isabel's return to the dying Ralph concentrates grief, confession, forgiveness and the bodily end of one of the novel's moral witnesses.
- The Power and the Glory, Opening section with Mr. Tench
The dentist's decayed professional life and the priest's search for brandy establish bodily and spiritual malaise together.
- The Power and the Glory, Village and flight chapters
The priest's craving for alcohol recurs alongside fear, fatigue, hunger and the need to perform sacraments.
- The Power and the Glory, Prison sequence
Crowded confinement, bodily stink, fear and legal violence place sin and suffering in an institutional space.
- The Power and the Glory, Final return to the dying American
The call to attend a dying man forces the priest back into danger and frames sacramental care as a duty to the body at death.
- The Prince, Chapter III
The extended analogy between foreseeing political trouble and the physicians' maxim about hectic fever: easy to cure but hard to detect early, easy to detect but hard to cure late.
- The Prince, Chapter VII
Borgia explains that he had planned for everything at his father's death except being himself at the point of death at the same time; illness, not lack of ability, ruins him.
- The Prince, Chapter XIII
Machiavelli recalls the hectic-fever analogy: the scanty wisdom of man cannot discern the poison hidden in a policy that looks good at first.
- The Prince, Chapters XVII and XIX
Analysis of fear, love, hatred and contempt as the emotional forces that hold or dissolve a state; a ruler should be feared without being hated.
- The Prince, Chapter XXVI
Italy pictured as beaten, despoiled and lacerated, waiting for someone to heal her wounds and cleanse her long-festering sores.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter II: The Functions of the Brain
Motor and sensory aphasia, cerebral localisation, lesion studies and the cases in which patients recognise and suffer from their speech errors.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter IV: Habit
Plasticity of nervous tissue, practical maxims for breaking bad habits, and the drunkard who excuses each lapse though his nerve cells register it.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter VIII: The Relations of Minds to Other Things
Hysterical anaesthesia and blindness, Janet's and Binet's experiments, automatic writing and the secondary or subconscious self.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter IX: The Stream of Thought
Interruptions of consciousness under nitrous oxide and other anaesthetics, in epilepsy and fainting, and how the edges of experience merge across the gap.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter X: The Consciousness of Self
Mutations of the self: insane delusions, alternating personalities, Janet's patient Lucie, the boy Louis V., the fugue of the Rev. Ansel Bourne, and mediumship.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter XI: Attention
The definition of attention and its opposite, the dazed scatter-brained state of distraction; discussion of effort and fatigue.
- The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, Chapter XVI: Memory
Retention as a matter of brain paths, the conditions of good memory, forgetting, and pathological losses of memory.
- The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, Association experiment chapters
Jung uses reaction times and verbal responses to infer affective complexes.
- The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, Clinical interpretation chapters
Delusions, stereotypies, and neologisms are read as meaningful products of disturbed complexes.
- The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, Comparative chapters
Jung compares dementia praecox with hysteria, dreams, and psychoanalytic mechanisms.
- The Quiet American, Saigon domestic chapters
Fowler's opium use accompanies insomnia, detachment and emotional avoidance in a imperial urban setting.
- The Quiet American, Phat Diem / war reporting chapters
Fowler's reporting confronts corpses, danger and the gap between military language and bodily suffering.
- The Quiet American, Watchtower episode
Fowler and Pyle trapped in danger reveal fear, pain and dependence beneath political disagreement.
- The Quiet American, Place Garnier bombing
Civilian casualties after the bombing make Pyle's theory visible as wounds, blood and preventable death.
- The Republic, Book 4
The tripartite soul divides reason, spirit and appetite and defines justice as inner order.
- The Republic, Book 3
Music and gymnastics train character, emotion and bodily discipline for guardians.
- The Republic, Book 5
Guardian reproduction and family arrangements treat politics as managed breeding and education.
- The Republic, Book 7
The cave allegory presents education as painful conversion from illusion to reality.
- The Republic, Book 9
The tyrannical soul is ruled by lawless desires, dreams and compulsions.
- The River War, Chapter III: The Dervish Empire
The Mahdi falls ill in June 1885; public prayers are offered; he dies of what his attendants recognise as typhus within days.
- The River War, Chapters IV–V
Reforms of the Egyptian army include hospital care for the sick (Ch. IV); the Suakin garrison (Ch. V) suffers malaria, liver abscess, bursati sores in animals and invaliding of a quarter of British officers.
- The River War, Chapter VII: The Recovery of the Dongola Province
Cholera creeps up the Nile from Cairo; case-fatality near 80 per cent among the first thousand cases; detailed casualty figures; profound depression across the army.
- The River War, Chapter XII: The Battle of the Atbara
Wounded soldiers in high fever carried on a thirty-hour march back to camp without sleep.
- The River War, Chapter XV: The Battle of Omdurman
Field hospitals in the zeriba, the hospital-barge blunder, the wounded of the Lancers' charge trickling in, and the field of Dervish dead and wounded.
- The River War, Chapter XVI: The Fall of the City
Bombarded Omdurman: mangled civilians, houses crammed with wounded, decomposing bodies and animal carcasses.
- The River War, Chapters XVII–XVIII
Pestilential Fashoda and the Blue Nile operations, where malarial fever affects every European and at one time hundreds of men are sick.
- The Rule of St Benedict, Chapter 36
Care of the sick is placed before and above other duties, with service rendered as to Christ.
- The Rule of St Benedict, Chapters 39–41
Food, drink, wine and meal times are regulated with moderation and adaptation.
- The Rule of St Benedict, Chapters 8–20
Night offices, prayer and sleep structure the body’s daily rhythm.
- The Rule of St Benedict, Chapters 23–30
Correction and excommunication regulate disruptive behavior within a closed institution.
- The Rule of St Benedict, Chapter 64
The abbot is warned to adapt to many temperaments and not crush the bruised reed.
- The Satires of Horace and Persius, Horace, Satire 1.1
The attack on greed and dissatisfaction treats desire as an appetite that cannot find healthy measure.
- The Satires of Horace and Persius, Horace, Satire 1.5
The journey to Brundisium includes bodily discomforts, travel ailments and comic attention to digestion and irritation.
- The Satires of Horace and Persius, Horace, Satire 1.8
Canidia and Sagana's magic rites invoke poisons, corpses and bodily grotesquerie in a comic anti-witchcraft scene.
- The Satires of Horace and Persius, Persius, Satire 3
The poem frames moral laziness and bad education through imagery of illness, treatment and the need for philosophical discipline.
- The Satires of Horace and Persius, Persius, Satire 5
The Stoic discussion of freedom treats enslavement to passions as a disease of the will.
- The Scarlet Letter, Ch. 2-3
Hester's postpartum public punishment makes sexuality, maternity and communal discipline visible on the scaffold.
- The Scarlet Letter, Ch. 9-10
Chillingworth becomes Dimmesdale's physician and investigates his secret through bodily symptoms and psychological pressure.
- The Scarlet Letter, Ch. 11-12
Dimmesdale's vigils, self-punishment and wasting health show guilt translated into bodily and mental suffering.
- The Scarlet Letter, Ch. 23
The final scaffold confession and death present public truth as both spiritual release and bodily endpoint.
- The Secret Garden, Ch. 1
The cholera outbreak kills Mary's parents and household, revealing imperial neglect and epidemic vulnerability.
- The Secret Garden, Early Misselthwaite chapters
Mary's sourness, poor appetite and lack of affection are linked to neglect, environment and bodily habits.
- The Secret Garden, Colin's room
Colin's confinement, fear of deformity and expectation of death show hypochondriacal and disability-anxiety themes.
- The Secret Garden, Garden recovery chapters
Fresh air, exercise, food, friendship and belief become a child-centered therapeutic regimen.
- The Secret Garden, Archibald Craven's return
The father's grief and withdrawal are treated through dream, memory and reunion with the recovered child.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Preface and Introduction
The physician's bedside manner as a model for Christian exposition; the Lazarus story and the claim that despair, not death, is the mortal sickness.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Part One, A
Despair as a sickness one cannot die of: the torment of wishing to die and being unable to, of the self wanting to be rid of itself.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Part One, B
The analogy of the physician who knows that apparent health may hide illness, applied to the universality of unrecognised despair.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Part One, C (forms of the synthesis)
Despair of infinitude lost in fantasy and despair of possibility, set against fatalistic and philistine despair of necessity; descriptions often compared to grandiosity and to depressive hopelessness.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Part One, C (despair of weakness and of defiance)
Despair over the earthly and over oneself, inclosing reserve that hides despair from others, the risk of suicide in the inclosed person, and demonic defiance.
- The Sickness Unto Death, Part Two, B
Despair over one's sin and of forgiveness as intensifications of despair, relevant to religious guilt and scrupulosity in clinical settings.
- The Social Contract, Book III, Chapter IX
Rousseau names the increase of population, without colonies or naturalisation, as the decisive mark of good government and dismisses tranquillity that hides depopulation.
- The Social Contract, Book III, Chapter XI
The body politic compared to a human body that begins to die at birth; the constitution of man is nature's work, that of the state the work of art and can be prolonged.
- The Social Contract, Book II, Chapter VIII
Peoples, like men, are docile only in youth; aged peoples resist reform like cowardly patients who rave at the sight of the doctor. Revolutions are compared to illnesses that make individuals forget the past, after which a state may be reborn.
- The Song of Roland, Ganelon's grievance
The Song of Roland gives this tag concrete force through its battlefield scenes emphasize wounds, exhaustion, hearing, breath, and the ritual handling of the dead more than inward psychology
- The Song of Roland, The horn too late
The Song of Roland gives this tag concrete force through its battlefield scenes emphasize wounds, exhaustion, hearing, breath, and the ritual handling of the dead more than inward psychology
- The Song of Roland, Judgment after battle
The Song of Roland gives this tag concrete force through its battlefield scenes emphasize wounds, exhaustion, hearing, breath, and the ritual handling of the dead more than inward psychology
- The Symposium, Eryximachus speech
A physician defines love as harmony and disorder in bodies, medicine, music, seasons and sacrifice.
- The Symposium, Symposium setting
The guests regulate drinking after earlier excess, making intoxication part of the social frame.
- The Symposium, Diotima speech
Love ascends from bodies to souls, laws, knowledge and Beauty itself as a therapeutic education of desire.
- The Symposium, Alcibiades speech
A drunken Alcibiades describes erotic fixation, shame and failed seduction of Socrates.
- The Theban Plays, Oedipus the King, opening
Thebes suffers plague, failed crops, infertility and public supplication before Oedipus.
- The Theban Plays, Oedipus the King, recognition
Jocasta dies by hanging and Oedipus blinds himself after discovering his birth and crimes.
- The Theban Plays, Oedipus at Colonus, opening
The blind, dependent Oedipus arrives guided by Antigone, reframing disability and exile.
- The Theban Plays, Antigone, burial conflict
Antigone insists on rites for the dead despite state prohibition, making grief a public act.
- The Theban Plays, Antigone, final messenger speech
Antigone, Haemon and Eurydice die by suicide after Creon’s delayed repentance.
- The Trial of Joan of Arc, Condemnation trial, first voice testimony
Joan describes onset, fear, time of day, location, light, and auditory experience, giving material often cited in medical speculation.
- The Trial of Joan of Arc, Condemnation trial, repeated interrogations
The court repeatedly pressures Joan to define the voices, creating a hostile setting unlike any modern diagnostic encounter.
- The Trial of Joan of Arc, Capture, imprisonment, and execution
The wider record involves captivity, threat, public humiliation, and execution, all relevant to trauma-informed reading.
- The Turn of the Screw and The Aspern Papers, The Turn of the Screw, early Bly chapters
The governess's isolation, attraction to the absent employer and first apparition establish an anxious perceptual field.
- The Turn of the Screw and The Aspern Papers, The Turn of the Screw, school expulsion and surveillance
Miles's unclear misconduct and the governess's scrutiny raise questions about child psychology, projection and moral panic.
- The Turn of the Screw and The Aspern Papers, The Turn of the Screw, final scene
The confrontation with Miles joins possible exorcism, panic, coercion and child death.
- The Turn of the Screw and The Aspern Papers, The Aspern Papers, Juliana Bordereau scenes
Juliana's extreme age, guarded privacy and bodily frailty become objects of the narrator's archival opportunism.
- The Turn of the Screw and The Aspern Papers, The Aspern Papers, narrator's pursuit
The scholar's fixation on the papers becomes a study in monomania and professional self-excuse.
- The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar
Reports of Caesar's falling sickness and bodily habits show illness incorporated into political biography.
- The Twelve Caesars, Caligula
The biography uses illness, sleeplessness and behavioral excess to frame tyranny as madness or monstrous disorder.
- The Twelve Caesars, Claudius
Descriptions of Claudius's gait, speech and bodily difference connect disability, mockery and political underestimation.
- The Twelve Caesars, Nero
Nero's violence, artistic grandiosity and suicide are presented through bodily fear, performance and death.
- The Twelve Caesars, Several lives
Poisoning rumors, assassination wounds and deathbed omens recur as instruments of political interpretation.
- The Underdogs, Opening mountain fighting
Demetrio's band fights from rough terrain, foregrounding gunshot wounds, flight and bodily endurance.
- The Underdogs, Luis Cervantes joins the band
A former medical student enters the revolutionary group, linking educated medicine to political opportunism.
- The Underdogs, Camp and march episodes
The fighters' drinking, hunger, fatigue and casual violence create a field medicine atmosphere without stable institutions.
- The Underdogs, Camila and La Pintada episodes
Sexual jealousy and coercion reveal gendered vulnerability in the revolutionary camp.
- The Underdogs, Final battle
The circular return to combat emphasizes death, repetition and the exhaustion of revolutionary purpose.
- The Vampyre, Opening London society
Ruthven's social effect resembles moral contagion, harming the innocent while leaving corrupt people flourishing.
- The Vampyre, Greek episode
Ianthe's death after vampire warnings links folklore, bodily violation and the drained victim.
- The Vampyre, Aubrey's return to England
Aubrey suffers fever, terror and apparent mental disorder after Ruthven returns and the oath prevents disclosure.
- The Vampyre, Final marriage plot
Aubrey's failed warning and death frame secrecy and social disbelief as fatal for his sister.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lecture I: Religion and Neurology
Critique of medical materialism; acknowledgement that religious leaders often show nervous instability, and the argument that origin does not determine value.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures IV and V: The Religion of Healthy-Mindedness
The mind-cure and New Thought movements, their therapeutic claims, testimonies of recovery from nervous and physical illness, and James's verdict that their results must be taken seriously.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures VI and VII: The Sick Soul
Anhedonia, Tolstoy's crisis of meaning, Bunyan's obsessions and verbal automatisms, and the anonymous French sufferer's panic and lasting dread.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures IX and X: Conversion
Sudden and gradual conversion explained through subconscious incubation, with cases of drunkards rescued by religious experience, including S. H. Hadley.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures XI–XV: Saintliness
Extreme asceticism, self-mortification and fasting described and evaluated, including James's judgement on its pathological excesses.
- The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures XVI and XVII: Mysticism
The four marks of mystical states; alcohol as the exciter of the 'Yes function'; nitrous oxide and ether revelations; epileptic auras and the darker 'diabolical mysticism' of insanity.
- The Voyage of the Beagle, South America chapters
Darwin records illness, exposure, fatigue, and the bodily demands of collecting and travel.
- The Voyage of the Beagle, imperial encounters
Darwin's observations of slavery in Brazil, frontier warfare in Argentina, and disease among peoples the ship visited set his natural history within the voyage's human world.
- The Voyage of the Beagle, Galapagos chapters
Island observation becomes a training ground for later biological theory rather than a finished evolutionary argument.
- The Warden, Opening chapters
Hiram's Hospital is described as a charitable home for elderly men, establishing dependency, routine and institutional paternalism.
- The Warden, Bold's reform campaign
The bedesmen become subjects of legal and journalistic advocacy, raising consent and representation issues.
- The Warden, Harding under attack
Harding's conscience and public shame disturb his peace, appetite and sense of vocation.
- The Waves, Childhood sections
The early voices establish distinct sensory and affective patterns, suggesting personality as rhythm before biography.
- The Waves, Rhoda's soliloquies
Rhoda repeatedly experiences terror, unreality and separation from ordinary social identity.
- The Waves, Percival's death
The group absorbs Percival's sudden death as a disruption of shared identity and private desire.
- The Waves, Later-life sections
Aging, memory and bodily change alter the voices' relation to desire, ambition and language.
- The World as Will and Representation, Second Book, §§18–20
Identity of willing and bodily movement; pain and pleasure as immediate affections of the will; organs as objectified desires.
- The World as Will and Representation, Third Book, §36
Genius and madness compared; theory of insanity as a broken thread of memory filled with fictions, giving rise to monomania, melancholy or folly; the difficulty of obtaining histories from asylum patients; madness as a refuge from unbearable grief.
- The World as Will and Representation, Third Book, §38 and §52
Aesthetic contemplation as release from the suffering of willing; music as the expression of the will and the language of feeling.
- The World as Will and Representation, Fourth Book, §§56–59
Life as constant striving, pain and boredom; the negativity of happiness; the sum of suffering in human life.
- The World as Will and Representation, Fourth Book, §60
Affirmation of the will in the sexual impulse; the genitals as the focus of the will.
- The World as Will and Representation, Fourth Book, §§68–69
Asceticism, fasting and self-mortification; suicide as affirmation of the will; voluntary starvation by ascetics, with cases reported in contemporary sources.
- Thoughts on Government and Selected Letters, Late Adams-Jefferson correspondence
Aging, grief, memory, and mortality shape the retrospective friendship.
- Thoughts on Government and Selected Letters, Thoughts on Government
Balanced institutions are described as preventive discipline for political passion.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Prologue, §5
The last man: health-conscious, conflict-averse, managing his days with small doses of poison for pleasant dreams and a larger dose for a pleasant death; dissenters go voluntarily into the madhouse.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part I, Discourse II: The Academic Chairs of Virtue
A sage's lecture on sleep hygiene as ethics: ten self-overcomings, reconciliations, truths and laughters a day as 'poppy to the soul'.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part I, Discourses III–IV: Backworldsmen; The Despisers of the Body
Otherworldly belief traced to the weariness of the sick body; the ego as the instrument of a bodily Self; the body as 'a plurality with one sense'.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part I, Discourse VI: The Pale Criminal
A murderer whose reason misinterprets his own impulses; 'madness before the deed' and 'madness after the deed'; a plea to judges to say 'invalid' rather than 'wretch'.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part I, Discourse XXI: Voluntary Death
Praise of dying 'at the right time' and scorn for lingering decline; important for the history of arguments about suicide and end-of-life choice.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part II, Discourse XLII: Redemption
Cripples and a hunchback ask Zarathustra to heal them; he replies with folk sayings on the costs of cure and describes 'reversed cripples' who are all ear or all eye.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part III, Discourse LVII: The Convalescent
Zarathustra falls 'as one dead', lies seven days without eating, is fed and watched by his animals, and recovers to describe his 'great disgust at man'.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part IV, Discourse LXIV: The Leech
A scientist lies in a swamp letting leeches bleed his arm to study the leech's brain; Zarathustra calls him a 'cupping-glass' of conscience and offers to tend his wounds.
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Introduction by Mrs Förster-Nietzsche (stored text, before the Prologue)
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche describes the Rapallo winter of influenza and her brother's effort in spring 1883 to stop taking chloral hydrate.
- Timaeus, The civic frame
Timaeus gives this tag concrete force through timaeus is unusually rich for medical history because it links soul, body, marrow, organs, disease, diet, and psychic disorder inside a single cosmic anatomy
- Timaeus, The crafted cosmos
Timaeus gives this tag concrete force through timaeus is unusually rich for medical history because it links soul, body, marrow, organs, disease, diet, and psychic disorder inside a single cosmic anatomy
- Timaeus, Embodiment and disorder
Timaeus gives this tag concrete force through timaeus is unusually rich for medical history because it links soul, body, marrow, organs, disease, diet, and psychic disorder inside a single cosmic anatomy
- Timaeus, Embodiment and disorder
Timaeus gives this tag concrete force through timaeus is unusually rich for medical history because it links soul, body, marrow, organs, disease, diet, and psychic disorder inside a single cosmic anatomy
- Timaeus, Embodiment and disorder
Timaeus gives this tag concrete force through timaeus is unusually rich for medical history because it links soul, body, marrow, organs, disease, diet, and psychic disorder inside a single cosmic anatomy
- Travels with My Aunt, Opening funeral
Henry's mother's funeral initiates grief, family uncertainty and a late-life identity crisis.
- Travels with My Aunt, Henry's retirement routines
Henry's dahlias and banking habits suggest emotional constriction, safe routine and underused vitality.
- Travels with My Aunt, Augusta's travel stories
Augusta's erotic and criminal memories challenge medicalized assumptions about sexuality and old age.
- Travels with My Aunt, Travel episodes
Alcohol, risk and movement become comic antidotes to Henry's stagnant safety.
- Treasure Island, Admiral Benbow chapters
Billy Bones's heavy drinking, stroke-like collapse and death bring alcohol, vascular crisis and fear into the opening.
- Treasure Island, Dr. Livesey's early scenes
Livesey combines physician, magistrate and gentlemanly courage, representing medicine as practical authority.
- Treasure Island, Stockade fighting
The loyal party deals with gunshot wounds, field treatment, fever risk and pain during the island conflict.
- Treasure Island, Long John Silver throughout
Silver's one-legged body is central to his social performance, underestimated mobility and pirate image.
- Treasure Island, Final paragraph
Jim's dreams and auditory memories of the island suggest adventure as haunting aftereffect.
- Troilus and Criseyde, Book I
Troilus is struck by love and displays classic lovesickness: pallor, secrecy, sighing, sleeplessness and obsessive thought.
- Troilus and Criseyde, Book II
Pandarus interprets Troilus's symptoms and treats persuasion of Criseyde as the remedy.
- Troilus and Criseyde, Book IV
Separation intensifies Troilus's despair, appetite loss and fixation on Criseyde's return.
- Troilus and Criseyde, Book V
Troilus's grief after Criseyde's betrayal turns toward battlefield death and the poem's philosophical release.
- Twelfth Night, Shipwreck and disguise
Twelfth Night gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes melancholy, love-sickness, feigned madness, confinement, and the social power to declare someone disordered
- Twelfth Night, Illyrian love plots
Twelfth Night gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes melancholy, love-sickness, feigned madness, confinement, and the social power to declare someone disordered
- Twelfth Night, Malvolio enclosed
Twelfth Night gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes melancholy, love-sickness, feigned madness, confinement, and the social power to declare someone disordered
- Twelfth Night, Malvolio enclosed
Twelfth Night gives this tag concrete force through the medical lens includes melancholy, love-sickness, feigned madness, confinement, and the social power to declare someone disordered
- Twelve Angry Men, Opening deliberation
Heat, impatience and life-or-death stakes create a pressure environment for group decision-making.
- Twelve Angry Men, Discussion of witnesses
The jurors test memory, perception, age, stress and inference in eyewitness testimony.
- Twelve Angry Men, Juror Ten's speech
The group confronts explicit prejudice as a contaminant of judgment.
- Twelve Angry Men, Juror Three's final reversal
Personal trauma around his son breaks through the facade of certainty and punitive anger.
- Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, Poems 1-5
The beloved's body is repeatedly fused with earth, fruit, hills and night, making desire a mind-body landscape.
- Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, Middle poems
Distance, jealousy and memory turn erotic longing into repetitive thought and emotional dependence.
- Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, Nocturnal poems
Night settings intensify solitude, sleepless reflection and the speaker's need to address an absent beloved.
- Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, A Song of Despair
The closing poem gathers erotic loss into lament, grief and depressive imagery.
- Twilight of the Idols, Problem of Socrates
Nietzsche reads Socratic rationalism through the language of decadence and symptom.
- Twilight of the Idols, Morality as Anti-Nature
The treatment of passion criticizes moral extirpation and favors transformation.
- Twilight of the Idols, Skirmishes sections
Health, sickness, strength, and decline become tools of cultural criticism.
- Two Lives of Charlemagne, Einhard, personal habits section
Charlemagne's clothing, diet, moderation, exercise and swimming present health as part of royal discipline.
- Two Lives of Charlemagne, Einhard, health and death
Charlemagne's fevers, aging and final illness make the emperor's body a political and moral subject.
- Two Lives of Charlemagne, Campaign narratives
Wars and punishments imply wounds, pain and coercive bodily discipline at the edge of exemplary kingship.
- Two Lives of Charlemagne, Notker's authorial tradition
Notker's remembered identity as the Stammerer raises questions about disability, voice and monastic authorship.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter II (higher and lower pleasures)
The competent-judge test; the claim that pains, like pleasures, can only be ranked by the experienced; the 'tender plant' of the nobler feelings that dies for want of sustenance.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter II (whether happiness is attainable)
Tranquillity and excitement as the two constituents of a satisfied life; the 'need of excitement' as a disease; selfishness and lack of mental cultivation as the main causes of an unsatisfying life; a passing reference to Novalis's recommendation of suicide.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter II (the removable evils)
Poverty and disease presented as largely conquerable by education, social institutions, 'proper control of noxious influences' and science; those who care for others keep their interest in life on the eve of death.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter III
Conscience analysed as a learned feeling of pain at violating duty, encrusted with associations from childhood, religion and self-esteem.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter IV (will, desire and habit)
Will as 'the child of desire' that can come under the dominion of habit; the example of those 'who have contracted habits of vicious or hurtful indulgence' acting against their own deliberate preference.
- Utilitarianism, Chapter V (justice and expediency)
A duty to steal medicine or compel the only qualified doctor to save a life; rights as protection of security; the injustice of sacrificing an individual without consent for others' benefit, raised in the discussion of punishment.
- Washington Square, Early Sloper household chapters
Dr. Sloper's grief over his wife and disappointment in Catherine establish a physician-father whose intelligence is emotionally punitive.
- Washington Square, Morris courtship chapters
Sloper evaluates Morris like a case, using social evidence and diagnostic confidence to predict mercenary motives.
- Washington Square, Europe journey
Sloper attempts to cure Catherine's attachment through distance and pressure, treating emotion as a correctable error.
- Washington Square, Final refusal
Catherine's refusal of Morris shows a life after romantic injury that is neither cure nor collapse.
- We, Early records
D-503 praises rational happiness and describes regulated sex, time and transparent living as healthful social order.
- We, Records after meeting I-330
D-503 experiences desire, jealousy and dreams as illness or infection of the self.
- We, O-90 pregnancy plot
O-90's illegal pregnancy exposes reproductive control and the state's claim over bodies.
- We, Great Operation records
The surgical removal of imagination turns medicine into political pacification.
- We Hold These Truths, Public consensus
We Hold These Truths gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance appears where conscience, institutional freedom, public reason, and contested moral goods affect health law and care
- We Hold These Truths, Church and state
We Hold These Truths gives this tag concrete force through its medical relevance appears where conscience, institutional freedom, public reason, and contested moral goods affect health law and care
- White Nights, First night
The dreamer's solitary walks and attachment to buildings show urban loneliness converted into imaginative companionship.
- White Nights, Second night
The dreamer narrates his withdrawal into fantasy, revealing both self-protection and social deprivation.
- White Nights, Nastenka's story
Nastenka's blind grandmother pins her dress as supervision, blending care, disability and confinement.
- White Nights, Fourth night and morning
The dreamer's sudden hope and loss form a compact study of attachment, disappointment and depressive return.
- Wuthering Heights, Childhood at Wuthering Heights
Heathcliff's degradation, Catherine's wild attachment and Hindley's violence establish early trauma and attachment injury.
- Wuthering Heights, Hindley's decline
Hindley's alcoholism, gambling and violence after Frances's death damage Hareton and the household.
- Wuthering Heights, Catherine's illness and childbirth
Catherine's emotional crisis becomes feverish illness, delirium, childbirth and death.
- Wuthering Heights, Linton Heathcliff chapters
Linton's chronic frailty and manipulation by Heathcliff link invalidism to inheritance and coercion.
- Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff's final days
Heathcliff's visions of Catherine, refusal of food and death show grief as obsessive bodily unraveling.